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rev. 0 a information furnished by analog devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. however, no responsibility is assumed by analog devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. no license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of analog devices. one technology way, p.o. box 9106, norwood, ma 02062-9106, u.s.a. tel: 781/329-4700 www.analog.com fax: 781/326-8703 ? analog devices, inc., 2002 ADM1027 * db cool remote thermal controller and voltage monitor * protected by u.s. patent nos. 6,188,189; 6,169,442; 6,097,239; 5,982,221; and 5,867,012. other patents pending. db cool is a trademark of analog devices, inc. features monitors up to 5 supply voltages controls and monitors up to 4 fan speeds 1 on-chip and 2 remote temperature sensors monitors up to 5 processor vid bits automatic fan speed control mode controls system cooling based on measured temperature enhanced acoustic mode dramatically reduces user perception of changing fan speeds 2-wire and 3-wire fan speed measurement limit comparison of all monitored values meets smbus 2.0 electrical specifications (fully smbus 1.1 compliant) applications low acoustic noise pcs networking and telecommunications equipment functional block diagram band gap reference 10-bit adc input signal conditioning and analog multiplexer gnd serial bus interface scl sda vid register fan speed counter address pointer register ADM1027 value and limit registers limit comparators pwm configuration registers interrupt status registers band gap temp. sensor vid4 vid3 vid2 vid1 vid0 pwm registers and controllers pwm1 pwm2 v cc to ADM1027 automatic fan speed control pwm3 tach1 tach2 tach3 tach4 interrupt masking smbalert acoustic enhancement control v cc d1+ d1 d2+ d2 +5v in + 12v in + 2.5v in v ccp smbus address selection addr en addr select general description the ADM1027 db cool controller is a complete systems monitor and multiple pwm fan controller for noise-sensitive applications requiring active system cooling. it can monitor 12 v, 5 v, 2.5 v cpu supply voltage, plus its own supply volt- age. it can monitor the temperature of up to two remote sensor diodes, plus its own internal temperature. it can measure and control the speed of up to four fans so that they operate at the lowest possible speed for minimum acoustic noise. the auto- matic fan speed control loop optimizes fan speed for a given temperature. once the control loop parameters are pro grammed, the ADM1027 can vary fan speed without cpu intervention.
rev. 0 e2e ADM1027especifications 1, 2, 3 ,4 parameter min typ max unit test conditions/comments power supply supply voltage 3.0 3.3 5.5 v supply current, i cc 1.4 3 ma interface inactive, adc active temp-to-digital converter local sensor accuracy = = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( = ( ce105 c), v cc = v min to v max (3 ve5.5 v), unless otherwise noted.)
rev. 0 ADM1027 e3e parameter min typ max unit test conditions/comment open-drain serial databus output (sda) output low voltage, v ol 0.4 v i out = e4.0 ma, v cc = 3.3 v high level output current, i oh 0.1 1 = ( ) () ( ) = = = = =
rev. 0 e4e ADM1027 absolute maximum ratings * positive supply voltage (v cc ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 v voltage on 12 v in pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 v voltage on any other input or output pin . . . . ?.3 v to +6.5 v input current at any pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ma package input current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ma maximum junction temperature (t j max) . . . . . . . . . . 150 c storage temperature range . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?5 c to +150 c lead temperature, soldering vapor phase (60 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 c infrared (15 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 c esd rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 v * stresses above those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause perma- nent damage to the device. this is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. thermal characteristics 24-lead qsop package: ja = 123 c/w, jc = 27 c/w pin configuration top view (not to scale) 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ADM1027 tach2 tach1 pwm2/ smbalert tach3 vid3 sda scl gnd v cc vid2 vid1 vid0 pwm3/ address enable tach4/address select d2 d2+ d1 pwm1/xto v ccp 2.5v in 12v in d1+ vid4 5v in ordering guide model temperature range package description package option ADM1027 0? to 105? 24-pin qsop rq-24 p s t su; dat t high t f t hd; dat t r t low t su; sto ps scl sda t hd; sta t hd; sta t su; sta t buf figure 1. diagram for serial bus timing
rev. 0 ADM1027 e5e pin function descriptions pin mnemonic description 1 sda digital i/o (open drain). smbus bidirectional serial data. requires smbus pull-up. 2 scl digital input (open drain). smbus serial clock input. requires smbus ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () smbalert d d r ? smbalert tah d d an an tah d d an an wm address enable d d an r ? ( ) () + + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ?
rev. 0 e6e ADM1027 functional description general description the ADM1027 is a complete systems monitor and multiple fan controller for any system requiring monitoring and cooling. the device communicates with the system via a serial system management bus. the serial bus controller has an optional address line for device selection (pin 14), a serial data line for reading and writing addresses and data (pin 1), and an input line for the serial clock (pin 2). all control and programming functions of the adm 1027 are performed over the serial bus. in addition, one of the pins can be reconfigured as an smbalert m t t r d d n t ad s m w adm m t t d d d d d t d rm rm t d rm adm a s wm address enable adm tahaddress selet adm adm smb t r adm a adm m t configuration registers: provide control and configuration of the ADM1027, including alternate pinout functionality. address pointer register: this register contains the address that selects one of the other internal registers. when writing to the ADM1027, the first byte of data is always a register address, which is written to the address pointer register. status registers: these registers provide the status of each limit comparison and are used to signal out-of-limit conditions on the temperature, voltage, or fan speed channels. if pin 10 is configured as smbalert interrupt mask registers: allow each interrupt status event to be masked when pin 10 is configured as an smbalert t smbalert vid register: the status of the vid0 to vid4 pins of the processor can be read from this register. value and limit registers: the results of analog voltage inputs, temperature, and fan speed measurements are stored in these registers, along with their limit values. offset registers: allow each temperature channel reading to be offset by a two?s complement value written to these registers. t min registers: program the starting temperature for each fan under automatic fan speed control. t range registers: program the temperature-to-fan speed control slope in auto- matic fan speed control mode for each pwm output. enhance acoustics registers: these registers allow each pwm output controlling fan to be tweaked to enhance the system?s acoustics.
rev. 0 t ypical performance characteristicseADM1027 e7e leakage resistance e m remote temperature error e c 15 10 e20 1 3.3 100 10 30 0 e5 e10 e15 5 dxp to gnd dxp to v cc (3.3v) tpc 1. temperature error vs. leakage resistance frequency e hz remote temperature e c 14.0 12.0 e2.0 100k 550k 50m 5m 6.0 4.0 0 2.0 10.0 8.0 100mv 250mv tpc 4. remote temperature error vs. power supply noise frequency frequency e hz remote temperature error e c 16.0 60k 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0 e2.0 110k 1m 10m 50m 10mv 20mv tpc 7. remote temperature error vs. differential mode noise frequency dxp e dxn capacitance e nf remote temperature error e c 3 1 0 e3 e6 e9 e12 e15 e18 e21 e24 e27 2.2 3.3 4.7 10 22 47 e30 e33 e36 remote temperature error ( c) tpc 2. temperature error vs. capacitance between d+ and de frequency e hz local temperature error e c 12.5 10.0 e5.0 100k 550k 50m 5m 5.0 2.5 e2.5 0 7.5 100mv 250mv tpc 5. local temperature error vs. power supply noise frequency frequency e hz remote temperature error e c 40.0 10k 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0 e5.0 e10.0 100k 1m 10m 20mv 40mv 100mv tpc 8. remote temperature error vs. common mode noise frequency temperature e c temperature error e c 3 e40 2 1 0 e1 e2 e3 0408 0 120 e3 sigma +3 sigma tpc 3. remote temperature error vs. actual temperature 1.9m 1.8m 1.8m 1.7m 1.7m 1.6m 1.6m 1.5m 1.5m 1.4m 1.4m 2.50 2.60 3.00 3.40 3.80 4.20 4.60 5.00 5.40 5.50 tpc 6. supply current vs. supply voltage
rev. 0 e8e ADM1027 serial bus interface control of the ADM1027 is carried out using the serial system management bus (smbus). the ADM1027 is connected to this bus as a slave device, under the control of a master controller. the ADM1027 has a 7-bit serial bus address. when the device is powered up with pin 13 (pwm3/address enable) high, the ADM1027 will have a default smbus address of 0101110 or 0x5ch. if more than one ADM1027 is to be used in a system, then each ADM1027 should be placed in address select mode by strapping pin 13 low on power-up. the logic state of pin 14 then determines the device?s smbus address. table i. ADM1027 address select mode pin 13 state pin 14 state address 0l ow (10 k ADM1027 14 13 addr_sel pwm3/ addr_en v cc 10k address = 5ch figure 2. default smbus address = 0x5c ADM1027 14 13 addr_sel pwm3/ addr_en 10k address = 58h figure 3. smbus address = 0x58 (pin 14 = 0) the device address is sampled and latched on the first valid smbus transaction, so any attempted addressing changes made thereafter will have no immediate effect. the facility to make hardwired changes to the smbus slave address allows the user to avoid conflicts with other devices sharing the same serial bus (for example if more than one ADM1027 is used in a system). once the smbus address has been assigned, these pins return to their original function. however, since the circuits required to set up the smbus address are unworkable with the pwm and tach circuits, it would require the use of muxes to switch in and out the correct circuit at the correct time. ADM1027 addr_sel pwm3/ addr_en address = 5ah 14 13 v cc 10k figure 4. smbus address = 0x5a (pin 14 = 1) ADM1027 14 13 addr_sel pwm3/ addr_en v cc 10k do not leave addr_en unconnected! can cause unpredictable addresses nc figure 5. unpredictable smbus address if pin 13 is unconnected care should be taken to ensure that pin 13 (pwm3/ addr_en) is either tied high or low. leaving pin 13 float ing could cause the ADM1027 to power up with an unexpected address. note that if the ADM1027 is placed into address select mode, pins 13 and 14 can be used as the alternate functions once address assignment has taken place (pwm3,tach4). care should be taken using muxes to connect in the appro pri- ate circuit at the appropriate time. the serial bus protocol operates as follows: 1. the master initiates data transfer by establishing a start condition, defined as a high to low transition on the serial data line sda while the serial clock line scl remains high. this indicates that an address/data stream will follow. all slave peripherals connected to the serial bus respond to the start condition and shift in the next eight bits, consisting of a 7-bit address (msb first) plus an r/ w bit, which deter- mines the direction of the data transfer, i.e., whether data will be written to or read from the slave device. the peripheral whose address corresponds to the transmitted address responds by pulling the data line low during the low period before the ninth clock pulse, known as the acknowl edge bit. all other devices on the bus now remain idle while the selected device waits for data to be read from or written to it. if the r/ w bit is a 0, then the master will write to the slave device. if the r/ w bit is a 1, the master will read from the slave device. 2. data is sent over the serial bus in sequences of nine clock pulses, eight bits of data followed by an acknowledge bit from the slave device. transitions on the data line must occur during the low period of the clock signal and remain stable during the high period, as a low to high transition when the clock is high may be interpreted as a stop signal. the number of data bytes that can be transmitted over the serial bus in a single read or write operation is limited only by what the master and slave devices can handle. 3. when all data bytes have been read or written, stop condi tions are established. in write mode, the master will pull the data line high during the 10th clock pulse to assert a stop condition. in read mode, the master device will override the acknowledge bit by pulling the data line high during the low period before the ninth clock pulse. this is known as no acknowledge. the master will then take the data line low during the low period before the 10th clock pulse, then high during the 10th clock pulse to assert a stop condition.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e9e any number of bytes of data may be transferred over the serial bus in one operation. but it is not possible to mix read and write in one operation because the type of operation is determined at the beginning and cannot subsequently be changed without starting a new operation. in the case of the ADM1027, write operations contain either one or two bytes, and read operations contain one byte and perform the following functions: to write data to one of the device data registers or read data from it, the address pointer register must be set so the correct data register is addressed, then data can be written into that register or read from it. the first byte of a write operation al- ways contains an address that is stored in the address pointer register. if data is to be written to the device, then the write operation contains a second data byte that is written to the register selected by the address pointer register. this is illustrated in figure 6. the device address is sent over the bus followed by r/ w being set to 0. this is followed by two data bytes. the first data byte is the address of the internal data r/ w 0 scl sda 10 1 1 a1 a0 d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 ack. by ADM1027 start by master frame 1 serial bus address byte frame 2 address pointer register byte 19 1 ack. by ADM1027 9 d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 ack. by ADM1027 stop by master frame 3 data byte 1 9 scl (continued) sda (continued) figure 6. writing a register address to the address pointer register, then writing data to the selected register r/ w 0 scl sda 10 1 1 a1 a0 d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 ack. by ADM1027 stop by master start by master frame 1 serial bus address byte frame 2 address pointer register byte 19 1 ack. by ADM1027 9 figure 7. writing to the address pointer register only r/ w 0 scl sda 10 1 1 a1 a0 d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 no ack. by master stop by master start by master frame 1 serial bus address byte frame 2 data byte from ADM1027 19 1 ack. by ADM1027 9 figure 8. reading data from a previously selected register register to be written to, which is stored in the address pointer register. the second data byte is the data to be written to the internal data register. when reading data from a register, there are two possibilities: 1. if the ADM1027? address pointer register value is unknown or not the desired value, it is first necessary to set it to the correct value before data can be read from the desired data register. this is done by performing a write to the ADM1027 as before, but only sending the data byte contain- ing the register address, as data is not to be written to the register. this is shown in figure 7. a read operation is then performed consisting of the serial bus address, r/ w bit set to 1, followed by the data byte read from the data register. this is shown in figure 8. 2. if the address pointer register is known to be already at the desired address, data can be read from the corresponding data register without first writing to the address pointer register, so figure 7 can be omitted.
rev. 0 e10e ADM1027 notes 1. it is possible to read a data byte from a data register without first writing to the address pointer register if the address pointer register is already at the correct value. however, it is not possible to write data to a register without writing to the address pointer register, because the first data byte of a write is always written to the address pointer register. 2. in figures 6 to 8, the serial bus address is shown as the de- fault value 01011(a1)(a0), where a1 and a0 are set by the address select mode function previously defined. 3. in addition to supporting the send byte and receive byte protocols, the ADM1027 also supports the read byte protocol (see system management bus specifications rev. 2.0 for more information). 4. if it is required to perform several read or write operations in succession, the master can send a repeat start condition instead of a stop condition to begin a new operation. ADM1027 write operations the smbus specification defines several protocols for different types of read and write operations. the ones used in the ADM1027 are discussed below. the following abbreviations are used in the diagrams: s e start pe stop re read w e write ae acknowledge a n anwlede t adm smb s b t sda t t a sda t t a sda t st sda adm ram t s slave address wa ap 12 3 4 56 register address figure 9. setting a register address for subsequent read if it is required to read data from the register immediately after setting up the address, the master can assert a repeat start con- dition immediately after the final ack and carry out a single byte read without asserting an intermediate stop condition. write byte in this operation, the master device sends a command byte and one data byte to the slave device, as follows: 1. the master device asserts a start condition on sda. 2. the master sends the 7-bit slave address followed by the write bit (low). 3. the addressed slave device asserts ack on sda. 4. the master sends a command code. 5. the slave asserts ack on sda. 6. the master sends a data byte. 7. the slave asserts ack on sda. 8. the master asserts a stop condition on sda to end the transaction. this is illustrated in figure 10. s slave address wa 12 3 4 56 a data ap 78 register address figure 10. single byte write to a registe r ADM1027 read operations the ADM1027 uses the following smbus read protocols: receive byte this is useful when repeatedly reading a single register. the register address needs to have been set up previously. in this operation, the master device receives a single byte from a slave device, as follows: 1. the master device asserts a start condition on sda. 2. the master sends the 7-bit slave address followed by the read bit (high). 3. the addressed slave device asserts ack on sda. 4. the master receives a data byte. 5. the master asserts no ack on sda. 6. the master asserts a stop condition on sda and the trans- action ends. in the ADM1027, the receive byte protocol is used to read a single byte of data from a register whose address has previously been set by a send byte or write byte operation. s slave address ra data a p 12 3456 figure 11. single byte read from a register alert response address alert response address (ara) is a feature of smbus devices that allows an interrupting device to identify itself to the host when multiple devices exist on the same bus. the smbalert smbalert smbalert smbalert smbalert m a r a ara t t smbalert a r a t smbalert smb
rev. 0 ADM1027 e11e 5. once the ADM1027 has responded to the alert response address, the master must read the status registers and the smbalert will only be cleared if the error condition has gone away. smbus timeout the ADM1027 includes an smbus timeout feature. if there is no smbus activity for min 15 ms and max 35 ms, the ADM1027 assumes that the bus is locked and releases the bus. this pre- vents the device from locking or holding the smbus expecting data. some smbus controllers cannot handle the smbus timeout feature, so it can be disabled. configuration register 1 ?register 0x40 <6> todis = 0; smbus timeout enabled (default) <6> todis = 1; smbus timeout disabled voltage measurement inputs the ADM1027 has four external voltage measurement chan- nels. it can also measure its own supply voltage, v cc . pins 20 to 23 are dedicated to measuring 5 v, 12 v, 2.5 v sup- plies and the processor core voltage v ccp (0 v to 3 v input). the v cc supply voltage measurement is carried out through the v cc pin (pin 4). setting bit 7 of configuration register 1 (reg. 0x40) allows a 5 v supply to power the ADM1027 and be mea- sured without overranging the v cc measurement channel. the 2.5 v input can be used to monitor a chipset supply voltage in computer systems. analog-to-digital converter all analog inputs are multiplexed into the on-chip, successive approximation, analog-to-digital converter. this has a resolu- tion of 10 bits. the basic input range is 0 v to 2.25 v, but the inputs have built-in attenuators to allow measurement of 2.5 v, 3.3 v, 5 v, 12 v and the processor core voltage v ccp , without any external components. to allow for the tolerance of these supply voltages, the adc produces an output of 3/4 full scale (decimal 768 or 300 hex) for the nominal input voltage, and so has adequate headroom to cope with overvoltages. input circuitry the internal structure for the analog inputs is shown in figure 12. each input circuit consists of an input protection diode, an attenuator, plus a capacitor to form a first-order low-pass filter that gives the input immunity to high frequency noise. voltage measurement registers reg. 0x20 2.5 v reading = 0x00 default reg. 0x21 v ccp reading = 0x00 default reg. 0x22 v cc reading = 0x00 default reg. 0x23 5 v reading = 0x00 default reg. 0x24 12 v reading = 0x00 default voltage measurement limit registers associated with each voltage measurement channel are high and low limit registers. exceeding the programmed high or low limit causes the appropriate status bit to be set. exceeding either limit can also generate smbalert interrupts. reg. 0x44 2.5 v low limit = 0x00 default reg. 0x45 2.5 v high limit = 0xff default reg. 0x46 v ccp low limit = 0x00 default reg. 0x47 v ccp high limit = 0xff default reg. 0x48 v cc low limit = 0x00 default reg. 0x49 v cc high limit = 0xff default reg. 0x4a 5 v low limit = 0x00 default reg. 0x4b 5 v high limit = 0xff default reg. 0x4c 12 v low limit = 0x00 default reg. 0x4d 12 v high limit = 0xff default 30pf 120k 30pf 93k mux 30pf 68k 30pf 45k 105k 35pf 35k 94k 71k 47k 20k 12v in 5v in 3.3v in 2.5v in v ccpin figure 12. structure of analog inputs table ii shows the input ranges of the analog inputs and output codes of the 10-bit a/d converter. when the adc is running, it samples and converts a voltage input in 711 s, and averages 16 conversions to reduce noise. therefore a measurement on any input takes nominally 11.38 ms.
rev. 0 e12e ADM1027 table ii. 10-bit a/d output code vs. v in input voltage a/d output +12v in +5v in v cc (3.3v in ) * +2.5v in +v ccpin decimal binary (10 bits) <0.0156 <0.0065 <0.0042 <0.0032 <0.00293 0 00000000 00 0.0156 ?0.0312 0.0065 ?0.0130 0.0042 ?0.0085 0.0032 ?0.0065 0.0293 ?0.0058 1 00000000 01 0.0312 ?0.0469 0.0130 ?0.0195 0.0085 ?0.0128 0.0065 ?0.0097 0.0058 ?0.0087 2 00000000 10 0.0469 ?0.0625 0.0195 ?0.0260 0.0128 ?0.0171 0.0097 ?0.0130 0.0087 ?0.0117 3 00000000 11 0.0625 ?0.0781 0.0260 ?0.0325 0.0171 ?0.0214 0.0130 ?0.0162 0.0117 ?0.0146 4 00000001 00 0.0781 ?0.0937 0.0325 ?0.0390 0.0214 ?0.0257 0.0162 ?0.0195 0.0146 ?0.0175 5 00000001 01 0.0937 ?0.1093 0.0390 ?0.0455 0.0257 ?0.0300 0.0195 ?0.0227 0.0175 ?0.0205 6 00000001 10 0.1093 ?0.125 0.0455 ?0.0521 0.0300 ?0.0343 0.0227 ?0.0260 0.0205 ?0.0234 7 00000001 11 0.125 ?0.1406 0.0521 ?0.0586 0.0343 ?0.0386 0.0260 ?0.0292 0.0234 ?0.0263 8 00000010 00 ? ? ? 4.000 ?4.0156 1.6675 ?1.6740 1.100 ?1.1042 0.8325 ?0.8357 0.7500 ?0.7529 256 (1/4-scale) 01000000 00 ? ? ? 8.000 ?8.0156 3.330 ?3.3415 2.200 ?2.2042 1.6650 ?1.6682 1.5 ?1.5029 512 (1/2-scale) 10000000 00 ? ? ? 12.000 ?12.0156 5.0025 ?5.0090 3.300 ?3.3042 2.4975 ?2.5007 2.2500 ?2.2529 768 (3/4 scale) 11000000 00 ? ? ? 15.8281 ?15.8437 6.5983 ?6.6048 4.3527 ?4.3570 3.2942 ?3.2974 2.9677 ?2.9707 1013 11111101 01 15.8437 ?15.8593 6.6048 ?6.6113 4.3570 ?4.3613 3.2974 ?3.3007 2.9707 ?2.9736 1014 11111101 10 15.8593 ?15.8750 6.6113 ?6.6178 4.3613 ?4.3656 3.3007 ?3.3039 2.9736 ?2.9765 1015 11111101 11 15.8750 ?15.8906 6.6178 ?6.6244 4.3656 ?4.3699 3.3039 ?3.3072 2.9765 ?2.9794 1016 11111110 00 15.8906 ?15.9062 6.6244 ?6.6309 4.3699 ?4.3742 3.3072 ?3.3104 2.9794 ?2.9824 1017 11111110 01 15.9062 ?15.9218 6.6309 ?6.6374 4.3742 ?4.3785 3.3104 ?3.3137 2.9824 ?2.9853 1018 11111110 10 15.9218 ?15.9375 6.6374 ?6.439 4.3785 ?4.3828 3.3137 ?3.3169 2.9853 ?2.9882 1019 11111110 11 15.9375 ?15.9531 6.6439 ?6.6504 4.3828 ?4.3871 3.3169 ?3.3202 2.9882 ?2.9912 1020 11111111 00 15.9531 ?15.9687 6.6504 ?6.6569 4.3871 ?4.3914 3.3202 ?3.3234 2.9912 ?2.9941 1021 11111111 01 15.9687 ?15.9843 6.6569 ?6.6634 4.3914 ?4.3957 3.3234 ?3.3267 2.9941 ?2.9970 1022 11111111 10 >15.9843 >6.6634 >4.3957 >3.3267 >2.9970 1023 11111111 11 * the v cc output codes listed assume that v cc is 3.3 v. if v cc input is reconfigured for 5 v operation (by setting bit 7 of configuration register 1), then the v cc output codes are the same as for the 5 v in column.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e13e vid code monitoring the ADM1027 has five dedicated voltage id (vid code) inputs. these are digital inputs that can be read back through the vid register (reg. 0x43) to determine the processor volt- age required/being used in the system. five vid code inputs support vrm9.x solutions. vid code register - register 0x43 <0> = vid0 (reflects logic state of pin 5) <1> = vid1 (reflects logic state of pin 6) <2> = vid2 (reflects logic state of pin 7) <3> = vid3 (reflects logic state of pin 8) <4> = vid4 (reflects logic state of pin 19) additional adc functions a number of other functions are available on the ADM1027 to offer the systems designer increased flexibility: turn off averaging for each voltage measurement read from a value register, 16 readings have actually been made internally and the results averaged before being placed into the value register. there may be an instance where the user would like to speed up conver- sions. setting bit 4 of configuration register 2 (reg 0x73) turns averaging off. this effectively gives a reading 16 ( ) ( ) < () < ( ) < = < = < = ( ) <
rev. 0 e14e ADM1027 temperature measurement system local temperature measurement the ADM1027 contains an on-chip band gap temperature sensor whose output is digitized by the on-chip 10-bit adc. the 8-bit msb temperature data is stored in the local temp register (address 26h). as both positive and negative tempera- tures can be measured, the temperature data is stored in two's complement format, as shown in table iii. theoretically, the temperature sensor and adc can measure temperatures from e 128 o c to +127 o c with a resolution of 0.25 o c. however, this exceeds the operating temperature range of the device (0 o c to 105 o c), so local temperature measurements outside this range are not possible. temperature measurement from e127 o c to +127 o c is possible using a remote sensor. remote temperature measurement the ADM1027 can measure the temperature of two remote diode sensors or diode-connected transistors connected to pins 15 and 16 or 17 and 18. d+ d remote sensing transistor in i i bias v dd v out+ to adc v out bias diode low pass filter f c = 65khz thermda thermdc cpu figure 13. signal conditioning for remote diode temperature sensors the forward voltage of a diode or diode-connected transistor, operated at a constant current, exhibits a negative temperature coefficient of about ? mv/ o c. unfortunately, the absolute value of v be varies from device to device, and individual calibra- tion is required to null this out, so the technique is unsuitable for mass production. the technique used in the ADM1027 is to measure the change in v be when the device is operated at two different currents. this is given by: vktqnn be = () /1 where: k is boltzmann?s constant q is charge on the carrier t is absolute temperature in kelvins n is ratio of the two currents. figure 13 shows the input signal conditioning used to measure the output of a remote temperature sensor. this figure shows the external sensor as a substrate transistor, provided for temperature monitoring on some microprocessors. it could equally well be a discrete transistor such as a 2n3904/06.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e15e ADM1027 2n3904 npn d+ de figure 14a. measuring temperature using an npn transistor 2n3906 pnp ADM1027 d+ de figure 14b. measuring temperature using a pnp transistor nulling out temperature errors as cpus run faster, it is getting more difficult to avoid high frequency clocks when routing the d+, d?traces around a system board. even when recommended layout guidelines are followed, there may still be temperature errors attributed to noise being coupled onto the d+/d?lines. high frequency noise generally has the effect of giving temperature measure- ments that are too high by a constant amount. the ADM1027 has temperature offset registers at addresses 0x70h, 0x71h, and at 0x72h for the remote 1, local, and remote 2 temperature channels. by doing a one-time calibration of the system, you can determine the offset caused by system board noise and null it out using the offset registers. the offset registers automati cally add a two? complement 8-bit reading to every temperature mea- surement. the lsb adds 0.25 c offset to the temperature reading so the 8-bit register effectively allows temperature offsets of up to 32 c with a resolution of 0.25 c. this ensures that the readings in the temperature measurement registers are as accu- rate as possible. temperature offset registers reg. 0x70 remote 1 temp offset = 0x00 (0 c default) reg. 0x71 local temp offset = 0x00 (0 c default) reg. 0x72 remote 2 temp offset = 0x00 (0 c default) if a discrete transistor is used, the collector will not be grounded, and should be linked to the base. if a pnp transistor is used, the base is connected to the d?input and the emitter to the d+ input. if an npn transistor is used, the emitter is connected to the d?input and the base to the d+ input. figure 14 shows how to connect the ADM1027 to an npn or pnp transistor for temperature measurement. to prevent ground noise from inter- fering with the measurement, the more negative terminal of the sensor is not referenced to ground, but is biased above ground by an internal diode at the d?input. to measure ? v be , the sensor is switched between operating currents of i and n i. the resulting waveform is passed through a 65 khz low-pass filter to remove noise, and to a chop per-stabilized amplifier that performs the functions of amplification and rectification of the waveform to produce a dc voltage proportional to ? v be . this voltage is measured by the adc to give a temperature output in 10-bit two? complement format. to further reduce the effects of noise, digital filtering is performed by averaging the results of 16 measurem ent cycles. a remote temperature measurement takes nominally 25.5 ms. the results of remote temperature measurements are stored in 10-bit, two? complement format, as illustrated in table iii. the extra resolution for the temperature measurements is held in the extended resolution register 2 (reg. 0x77). this gives tem- perature readings with a resolution of 0.25 o c. table iii. temperature data format * temperature digital output (10-bit) ?28 c 1000 0000 00 ?25 c 1000 0011 00 ?00 c 1001 1100 00 ?5 c 1011 0101 00 ?0 c 1100 1110 00 ?5 c 1110 0111 00 ?0 o c 1111 0110 00 0 c 0000 0000 00 +10.25 c 0000 1010 01 +25.5 c 0001 1001 10 +50.75 c 0011 0010 11 +75 c 0100 1011 00 +100 c 0110 0100 00 +125 c 0111 1101 00 +127 c 0111 1111 00 * bold denotes 2 lsbs of measurement in extended resolution register 2 (reg. 0x77) with 0.25 o c resolution.
rev. 0 e16e ADM1027 temperature measurement registers reg. 0x25 remote 1 temperature = 0x80 default reg. 0x26 local temperature = 0x80 default reg. 0x27 remote 2 temperature = 0x80 default reg. 0x77 extended resolution 2 = 0x00 default <7:6> tdm2 = remote 2 temperature lsbs <5:4> ltmp = local temperature lsbs <3:2> tdm1 = remote 1 temperature lsbs temperature measurement limit registers associated with each temperature measurement channel are high and low limit registers. exceeding the programmed high or low limit causes the appropriate status bit to be set. exceeding either limit can also generate smbalert r e r t l l r r t h l r l t l l r l t h l r r t l l r r t h l readn temeratre rm the adm adm ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) < () < ( ) < = < = ( ) < fans therm limit temp 100% hysteresis = 4 c figure 15. therm limit operation
rev. 0 ADM1027 e17e smbalert statsamasresters smbalert rat pin 10 of the ADM1027 can be configured as either pwm2 or as an smbalert output. the smbalert output may be used to signal out of limit conditions as explained below. the default state of pin 10 is pwm2. to configure pin 10 as smbalert : config reg3 (addr = 78h), bit 0 = 1 = smbalert config reg3 (addr = 78h), bit 0 = 0 = pwm2 = default limit values associated with each measurement channel on the ADM1027 are high and low limits. these can form the basis of system status monitoring: a status bit can be set for any out-of-limit condition and detected by polling the device. alternatively, smbalert interrupts can be generated to flag a processor or microcontroller of out-of-limit conditions. 8-bit limits the following is a list of 8-bit limits on the ADM1027: voltage limit registers reg. 0x44 2.5 v low limit = 0x00 default reg. 0x45 2.5 v high limit = 0xff default reg. 0x46 v ccp low limit = 0x00 default reg. 0x47 v ccp h igh limit = 0xff default reg. 0x48 v cc low limit = 0x00 default reg. 0x49 v cc h igh limit = 0xff default reg. 0x4a 5 v low limit = 0x00 default reg. 0x4b 5 v high limit = 0xff default reg. 0x4c 12 v low limit = 0x00 default reg. 0x4d 12 v high limit = 0xff default temperature limit registers reg. 0x4e remote 1 temp low limit = 0x81 default reg. 0x4f remote 1 temp high limit = 0x7f default reg. 0x6a remote 1 therm limit = 0x64 default reg. 0x50 local temp low limit = 0x81 default reg. 0x51 local temp high limit = 0x7f default reg. 0x6b local therm limit = 0x64 default reg. 0x52 remote 2 temp low limit = 0x81 default reg. 0x53 remote 2 temp high limit = 0x7f default reg. 0x6c remote 2 therm limit = 0x64 default 16-bit limits the fan tach measurements are 16-bit results. the fan tach limits are also 16 bits, consisting of a high byte and low byte. since fans running underspeed or stalled are normally the only conditions of interest, only high limits exist for fan tachs. since fan tach period is actually being measured, exceeding the limit indicates a slow or installed fan. fan limit registers reg. 0x54 tach1 minimum low byte = 0xff default reg. 0x55 tach1 minimum high byte = 0xff default reg. 0x56 tach2 minimum low byte = 0xff default reg. 0x57 tach2 minimum high byte = 0xff default reg. 0x58 tach3 minimum low byte = 0xff default reg. 0x59 tach3 minimum high byte = 0xff default reg. 0x5a tach4 minimum low byte = 0xff default reg. 0x5b tach4 minimum high byte = 0xff default out-of-limit comparisons the ADM1027 will measure all parameters in round-robin format and set the appropriate status bit for out-of-limit condi- tions. comparisons are done differently depending on whether the measured value is being compared to a high or low limit. high limit: > comparison performed low limit: < or = comparison performed
rev. 0 e18e ADM1027 analog monitoring cycle time the analog monitoring cycle begins when a ??is written to the start bit (bit 0) of configuration register 1(reg 0x40). the adc measures each analog input in turn and as each mea- surem ent is completed, the result is automatically stored in the appropriate value register. this "round-robin" monitoring cycle continues unless disabled by writing a 0 to bit 0 of configura- tion register 1. as the adc will normally be left to free-run in this manner, the time taken to monitor all the analog inputs will normally not be of interest as the most recently measured value of any input can be read out at any time. for applications where the monitoring cycle time is important, it can easily be calculated. the total number of channels measured is: ? ? ( ) ? ? ( status registers the results of limit comparisons are stored in status registers 1 and 2. the status register bit for each channel reflects the status of the last measurement and limit comparison on that chan- nel. if a measurement is within limits, the corresponding status register bit will be cleared to ?.?if the measurement is out-of- limits, the corresponding status register bit will be set to ?. the state of the various measurement channels may be polled by reading the status registers over the serial bus. when ?,?bit 7 (ool) of status register 1 (reg. 0x41) means that an out-of- limit event has been flagged in status register 2. this means that you need only read status register 2 when this bit is set. alternatively, pin 10 can be configured as an smbalert t r s w t s r s m r r smbalert h s r status register 1 (reg. 41h) bit 7 (ool) = 1, denotes a bit in status register 2 is set and status register 2 should be read. bit 6 (r2t) = 1, remote 2 temp high or low limit has been exceeded. bit 5 (lt) = 1, local temp high or low limit has been ex- ceeded. bit 4 (r1t) = 1, remote 1 temp high or low limit has been exceeded. bit 3 (5v) = 1, 5v high or low limit has been exceeded. bit 2 (v cc ) = 1, v cc high or low limit has been exceeded. bit 1 (v ccp ) = 1, v ccp high or low limit has been exceeded. bit 0 (2.5v) = 1, 2.5v high or low limit has been exceeded. status register 2 (reg. 42h) bit 7 (d2) = 1, indicates an open or short on d2+/d2?inputs. bit 6 (d1) = 1, indicates an open or short on d2+/d2?inputs. bit 5 (fan4) = 1, indicates fan 4 has dropped below mini- mum speed. bit 4 (fan3) = 1, indicates fan 3 has dropped below mini- mum speed. bit 3 (fan2) = 1, indicates fan 2 has dropped below mini- mum speed. bit 2 (fan1) = 1, indicates fan 1 has dropped below mini- mum speed. bit 1 (ovt) = 1, indicates that a therm overtemperature limit has been exceeded. bit 0 (12 v) = 1, 12 v high or low limit has been ex ceeded.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e19e smbalert terrtbear the ADM1027 can be polled for status, or an smbalert interrupt can be generated for out-of-limit conditions. it is important to note how the smbalert output and status bits behave when writing interrupt handler software. sticky status bit high limit temperature smbalert cleared on read (temp below limit) temp back in limit (status bit stays set) figure 16. smbalert sbb figure 16 shows how the smbalert output and sticky status bits behave. once a limit is exceeded, the corresponding status bit gets set to 1. the status bit remains set until the error condi- tion subsides and the status register gets read. the status bits are referred to as sticky since they remain set until read by soft- ware. this ensures that an out-of-limit event cannot be missed if software is polling the device periodically. note that the smbalert output remains low for the entire duration that a reading is out-of-limit and until the status register has been read. this has implications on how software handles the inter- rupt. handling smbalert terrts to prevent the system from being tied up servicing interrupts, it is recommend to handle the smbalert interrupt as follows: sticky status bit high limit temperature smbalert cleared on read (temp below limit) temp back in limit (status bit stays set) interrupt mask bit set interrupt mask bit cleared ( smbalert rearmed) figure 17. how masking the interrupt source affects smbalert 1. detect the smbalert assertion. 2. enter the interrupt handler. 3. read the status registers to identify the interrupt source. 4. mask the interrupt source by setting the appropriate mask bit in the interrupt mask registers (reg. 0x74, 0x75). 5. take the appropriate action for a given interrupt source. 6. exit the interrupt handler. 7. periodically poll the status registers. if the interrupt status bit has cleared, reset the corresponding interrupt mask bit to 0. this will cause the smbalert output and status bits to be- have as shown in figure 17. masking interrupt sources interrupt mask registers 1 and 2 are located at addresses 0x74 and 0x75. these allow individual interrupt sources to be masked out to prevent smbalert interrupts. note that mask- ing an interrupt source only prevents the smbalert output from being asserted; the appropriate status bit will get set as normal. interrupt mask register 1 (reg. 74h) bit 7 (ool) = 1, set this bit to 1 to allow masking of interrupts by status register 2. if this bit = 0, then setting a bit in mask reg 2 to 1 will have no effect. bit 6 (r2t) = 1, masks smbalert for remote 2 temperature. bit 5 (lt) = 1, masks smbalert for local temperature. bit 4 (r1t) = 1, masks smbalert for remote 1 temperature. bit 3 (5v) = 1, masks smbalert for 5 v channel. bit 2 (v cc ) = 1, masks smbalert for v cc channel. bit 1 (v ccp ) = 1, masks smbalert for v ccp channel. bit 0 (2.5v) = 1, masks smbalert for 2.5 v channel. interrupt mask register 2 (reg. 75h) bit 7 (d2) = 1, masks smbalert for diode 2 errors. bit 6 (d1) = 1, masks smbalert for diode 1 errors. bit 5 (fan4) = 1, masks smbalert for fan 4. bit 4 (fan3) = 1, masks smbalert for fan 3. bit 3 (fan2) = 1, masks smbalert for fan 2. bit 2 (fan1) = 1, masks smbalert for fan 1. bit 1 (ovt) = 1, masks smbalert for overtemperature (exceeding therm limits). bit 0 (12 v) = 1, masks smbalert for 12 v channel.
rev. 0 e20e ADM1027 fan drive circuitry fan drive using pwm control the ADM1027 uses pulsewidth modulation (pwm) to control fan speed. this relies on varying the duty cycle (or on/off ratio) of a square wave applied to the fan to vary the fan speed. the external circuitry required to drive a fan using pwm control is extremely simple. a single nmosfet is the only drive device required. the specifications of the mosfet depend on the maximum current required by the fan being driven. typical notebook fans draw a nominal 170 ma, so sot devices can be used where board space is a concern. in desktops, fans can typically draw 250 ma?00 ma each. if you drive several fans in parallel from a single pwm output or drive larger server fans, the mosfet will need to handle the higher current require- ments. the only other stipulation is that the mosfet should have a gate voltage drive, v gs < 3.3 v for direct interfacing to the pwm_out pin. v gs can be greater than 3.3 v as long as the pull-up on the gate is tied to 5 v. the mosfet should also have a low on resistance to ensure that there is not signifi- cant voltage drop across the fet. this would reduce the voltage applied across the fan and thus the maximum operating speed of the fan. figure 18 shows how a 3-wire fan may be driven using pwm control. ADM1027 tach/ain pwm 4.7k 10k 10k 10k 3.3v 12v 12v 12v fan q1 ndt3055l figure 18. driving a 3-wire fan using an n-channel mosfet figure 18 uses a 10 k ? section. figure 19 shows a fan drive circuit using an npn transistor such as a general-purpose mmbt2222. while these devices are inexpensive, they tend to have much lower current handling capabilities and higher on resistance than mosfets. when choosing a transistor, care should be taken in ensuring that it meets the fan? current requirements. ensure that the base resistor is chosen such that the transistor is saturated when the fan is powered on. ADM1027 tach/ain pwm 4.7k 10k 10k 10k 3.3v 12v 12v 12v fan q1 mmbt2222 figure 19. driving a 3-wire fan using an npn transistor driving 2 fans from pwm3 note that the ADM1027 has four tach inputs available for fan speed measurement, but only three pwm drive outputs. if a fourth fan is being used in the system, it should be driven from the pwm3 output in parallel with the third fan. figure 20 shows how to drive two fans in parallel using low cost npn transistors. figure 21 is the equivalent circuit using the ndt3055l mosfet. note that since the mosfet can handle up to 3.5 a, it is simply a matter of connecting another fan directly in parallel with the first. care should be taken in designing drive circuits with transistors and fets to ensure that the pwm pins are not required to source current, and that they sink less than the 8 ma max cur- rent specified on the data sheet.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e21e ADM1027 pwm3 2.2k 10k 3.3v q1 mmbt3904 3.3v 10 tach3 q2 mmbt2222 10 tach4 12v q3 mmbt2222 figure 20. interfacing two fans in parallel to the pwm3 output using low cost npn transistors ADM1027 tach4 10k typical 3.3v tach tach3 10k typical 3.3v pwm3 10k typical 3.3v +v q1 ndt3055l 5v or 12v fan tach 5v or 12v fan +v figure 21. interfacing two fans in parallel to the pwm3 output using a single n-channel mosfet
rev. 0 e22e ADM1027 driving 2-wire fans figure 22 shows how a 2-wire fan may be connected to the ADM1027. this circuit allows the speed of a 2-wire fan to be measured even though the fan has no dedicated tach signal. a series resistor, r sense , in the fan circuit converts the fan commu tation pulses into a voltage. this is ac-coupled into the ADM1027 through the 0.01 ? ADM1027 tach/ain pwm 10k typical 3.3v +v q1 ndt3055l 5v or 12v fan r sense 2 typical 0.01 f figure 22. driving a 2-wire fan 1 ch1 4 100mv ch2 5.00mv m 4.00ms a ch1 ?.00mv ch3 50.0mv ch4 50.0mv t : +250mv @: ?58mv ?.00000ms t tek prevu [] t figure 23. fan speed sensing waveform at tach/ain pin laying out for 2-wire and 3-wire fans figure 24 shows how to lay out a common circuit arrangement for 2-wire and 3-wire fans. some components will not be popu- lated depending on whether a 2-wire or 3-wire fan is being used. 3.3v or 5v tach/ain pwm 12v or 5v q1 mmbt2222 r4 r5 r3 c1 r2 r1 for 3-wire fans: populate r1, r2, r3 r4 = 0 c1 = unpopulated for 2-wire fans: populate r4, c1 r1, r2, r3 unpopulated figure 24. planning for 2-wire or 3-wire fans on a pcb
rev. 0 ADM1027 e23e fan speed measurements tach inputs pins 11, 12, 9, and 14 are open-drain tach inputs intended for fan speed measurement. signal conditioning in the ADM1027 accommodates the slow rise and fall times typical of fan tachometer outputs. the maxi- mum input signal range is 0 v to 5 v, even where v cc is less than 5 v. in the event that these inputs are supplied from fan outputs that exceed 0 v to 5 v, either resistive attenuation of the fan signal or diode clamping must be included to keep inputs within an acceptable range. figures 25a to 25d show circuits for most common fan tach outputs. if the fan tach output has a resistive pull-up to v cc , it can be connected directly to the fan input, as shown in figure 25a. 5v or 12v ADM1027 fan speed counter tach x tacho output pull-up 4.7k typ v cc fan figure 25a. fan with tach pull-up to +v cc if the fan output has a resistive pull-up to 12 v (or other voltage greater than 5 v) then the fan output can be clamped with a zener diode, as shown in figure 25b. the zener diode voltage should be chosen so that it is greater than v ih of the tach input but less than 5 v, allowing for the voltage tolerance of the zener. a value of between 3 v and 5 v is suitable. 5v or 12v ADM1027 fan speed counter tach x tacho output pull-up 4.7k typ v cc fan zd1 * * choose zd1 voltage approx 0.8 v cc figure 25b. fan with tach pull-up to voltage > 5 v e.g., 12 v) clamped with zener diode if the fan has a strong pull-up (less than 1 k ) to 12 v, or a totem-pole output, then a series resistor can be added to limit the zener current, as shown in figure 25c. alternatively, a resistive attenuator may be used, as shown in figure 25d. r1 and r2 should be chosen such that: 22125 v v r r r r v pullup pullup < ++ () < / the fan inputs have an input resistance of nominally 160 k to ground, so this should be taken into account when calculating resistor values. with a pull-up voltage of 12 v and pull-up resistor less than 1 k , suitable values for r1 and r2 would be 100 k and 47 k . this will give a high input voltage of 3.83 v. 5v or 12v ADM1027 fan speed counter tach x tacho output pull-up typ <1k or totem pole v cc fan zd1 * * choose zd1 voltage approx 0.8 v cc r1 10k figure 25c. fan with strong tach pull-up to > v cc or totem-pole output, clamped with zener and resistor 5v or 12v ADM1027 fan speed counter tach x tacho output pull-up typ <1k v cc fan r2 * * see text r1 * figure 25d. fan with strong tach pull-up to > v cc or totem-pole output, attenuated with r1/r2 fan speed measurement the fan counter does not count the fan tach output pulses directly because the fan speed may be less than 1000 rpm and it would take several seconds to accumulate a reasonably large and accurate count. instead, the period of the fan revolution is measured by gating an on-chip 90 khz oscillator into the input of a 16-bit counter for n periods of the fan tacho output (figure 26), so the accumulated count is actually proportional to the fan tachometer period and inversely proportional to the fan speed. 1 2 3 4 clock pwm tach figure 26. fan speed measurement n, the number of pulses counted, is determined by the settings of register 0x7b (fan pulses per revolution register). this register contains two bits for each fan, allowing 1, 2 (default), 3, or 4 tach pulses to be counted.
rev. 0 e24e ADM1027 fan speed measurement registers the fan tachometer readings are 16-bit values consisting of a 2-byte read from the ADM1027. reg. 0x28 tach1 low byte = 0x00 default reg. 0x29 tach1 high byte = 0x00 default reg. 0x2a tach2 low byte = 0x00 default reg. 0x2b tach2 high byte = 0x00 default reg. 0x2c tach3 low byte = 0x00 default reg. 0x2d tach3 high byte = 0x00 default reg. 0x2e tach4 low byte = 0x00 default reg. 0x2f tach4 high byte = 0x00 default reading fan speed from the ADM1027 if fan speeds are being measured, this involves a 2-register read for each measurement. the low byte should be read first. this causes the high byte to be frozen until both high and low byte registers have been read from. this prevents erroneous tach readings. the fan tachometer reading registers report back the number of 11.11 high limit: > comparison performed since actual fan tach period is being measured, exceeding a fan tach limit by 1 will set the appropriate status bit and can be used to generate an smbalert fan tach limit registers the fan tach limit registers are 16-bit values consisting of two bytes. reg. 0x54 tach1 minimum low byte = 0xff default reg. 0x55 tach1 minimum high byte = 0xff default reg. 0x56 tach2 minimum low byte = 0xff default reg. 0x57 tach2 minimum high byte = 0xff default reg. 0x58 tach3 minimum low byte = 0xff default reg. 0x59 tach3 minimum high byte = 0xff default reg. 0x5a tach4 minimum low byte = 0xff default reg. 0x5b tach4 minimum high byte = 0xff default fan speed measurement rate the fan tach readings are normally updated once every second. the fast bit (bit 3) of configuration register 3 (reg. 0x78), when set, updates the fan tach readings every 250 ms. if any of the fans are not being driven by a pwm channel but are powered directly from 5 v or 12 v, its associated dc bit in configuration register 3 should be set. this allows tach read ings to be taken on a continuous basis for fans connected directly to a dc source. calculating fan speed assuming a fan with a 2 pulses/revolution (and 2 pulses/rev being measured) fan speed is calculated by: fan speed (rpm) = (90,000 60)/ fan tach reading where, fan tach reading = 16-bit fan tachometer reading example: tach1 high byte (reg 0x29) = 0x17 tach1 low byte (reg 0x28) = 0xff what is fan 1 speed in rpm? fan 1 tach reading = 0x17ff = 6143 decimal. rpm = (f 60)/fan 1 tach reading rpm = (90000 60)/6143 fan speed = 879 rpm fan pulses per revolution different fan models can output either 1, 2, 3, or 4 tach pulses per revolution. once the number of fan tach pulses has been determined, it can be programmed into the fan pulses per revolution register (reg.0x7b) for each fan. alternatively, this register can be used to determine the number or pulses/ revolution output by a given fan. by plotting fan speed measure- ments at 100% speed with different pulses/rev setting, the smoothest graph with the lowest ripple determines the correct pulses/rev value. fan pulses per revolution register <1:0> fan1 default = 2 pulses/rev <3:2> fan2 default = 2 pulses/rev <5:4> fan3 default = 2 pulses/rev <7:6> fan4 default = 2 pulses/rev 00 = 1 pulse/rev 01 = 2 pulses/rev 10 = 3 pulses/rev 11 = 4 pulse/rev
rev. 0 ADM1027 e25e 2-wire fan speed measurements the ADM1027 is capable of measuring the speed of 2-wire fans, i.e., fans without tach outputs. to do this, the fan must be interfaced as shown in the fan drive circuitry section of the data sheet. in this case, the tach inputs need to be repro- grammed as analog inputs, ain. configuration register 2 (reg. 73h) bit 3 (ain4) = 1, pin 14 is reconfigured to measure the speed of a 2-wire fan using an external sensing resistor and coupling capacitor. bit 2 (ain3) = 1, pin 9 is reconfigured to measure the speed of a 2-wire fan using an external sensing resistor and coupling capacitor. bit 1 (ain2) = 1, pin 12 is reconfigured to measure the speed of a 2-wire fan using an external sensing resistor and coupling capacitor. bit 0 (ain1) = 1, pin 11 is reconfigured to measure the speed of a 2-wire fan using an external sensing resistor and coupling capacitor. fan spin-up the ADM1027 has a unique fan spin-up function. it will spin the fan at 100% pwm duty cycle until two tach pulses are detected on the tach input. once two pulses have been de tected, the pwm duty cycle will go to the expected running value, e.g., 33%. the advantage of this is that fans have dif- fer ent spin-up characteristics and will take different times to overcome inertia. the ADM1027 just runs the fans fast enough to overcome inertia and will be quieter on spin-up than fans programmed to spin up for a given spin-up time. fan start-up timeout to prevent false interrupts being generated as a fan spins up (since it is below running speed), the ADM1027 includes a fan start-up timeout function. this is the time limit allowed for two tach pulses to be detected on spin-up. for example, if 2 seconds fan start-up timeout is chosen, and no tach pulses occur within 2 seconds of the start of spin-up, a fan fault is detected and flagged in the interrupt status registers. pwm1 configuration (reg. 5ch) <2:0> spin these bits control the start-up timeout for pwm1. 000 = no startup timeout 001 = 100 ms 010 = 250 ms (default) 011 = 400 ms 101 = 1 sec 110 = 2 secs 111 = 4 secs pwm2 configuration (reg. 5dh) <2:0> spin these bits control the start-up timeout for pwm2. 000 = no startup timeout 001 = 100 ms 010 = 250 ms (default) 011 = 400 ms 101 = 1 sec 110 = 2 secs 111 = 4 secs pwm3 configuration (reg. 5eh) <2:0> spin these bits control the start-up timeout for pwm3. 000 = no startup timeout 001 = 100 ms 010 = 250 ms (default) 011 = 400 ms 101 = 1 sec 110 = 2 secs 111 = 4 secs disabling fan start-up timeout although fan start-up makes fan spin-ups much quieter than fixed-time spin-ups, the option is there to use fixed spin-up times. bit 5 (fspdis) = 1 in configuration register 1 (reg. 0x40) disables the spin-up for two tach pulses. instead, the fan will spin up for the fixed time as selected in registers 0x5c ?x5e.
rev. 0 e26e ADM1027 manual fan speed control mode pwm logic state the pwm outputs can be programmed to be high for 100% duty cycle (noninverted) or low for 100% duty cycle (inverted). pwm1 configuration (reg. 5ch) <4> inv 0 = logic high for 100% pwm duty cycle 1 = logic low for 100% pwm duty cycle pwm2 configuration (reg. 5dh) <4> inv 0 = logic high for 100% pwm duty cycle 1 = logic low for 100% pwm duty cycle pwm3 configuration (reg. 5eh) <4> inv 0 = logic high for 100% pwm duty cycle 1 = logic low for 100% pwm duty cycle pwm drive frequency the pwm drive frequency can be adjusted for the application. registers 0x5f?x61 configure the pwm frequency for pwm1?wm3 respectively. pwm1 frequency registers (reg. 5fh?1h) <2:0> freq 000 = 11.0 hz 001 = 14.7 hz 010 = 22.1 hz 011 = 29.4 hz 100 = 35.3 hz (default) 101 = 44.1 hz 110 = 58.8 hz 111 = 88.2 hz manual fan speed control the ADM1027 allows the duty cycle of any pwm output to be manually adjusted. this can be useful if you wish to change fan speed in software or want to adjust pwm duty cycle output for test purposes. bits <7:5> of registers 0x5c?x5e (pwm con- figuration) control the behavior of each pwm output. pwm configuration (reg. 5ch-5eh) <7:5> bhvr 111 = manual mode once under manual control, each pwm output may be manu- ally updated by writing to registers 0x30?x32 (pwmx current duty cycle registers). programming the pwm current duty cycle registers the pwm current duty cycle registers are 8-bit registers that allow the pwm duty cycle for each output to be set anywhere from 0% to 100%. this allows the pwm duty cycle to be set in steps of 0.39%. the value to be programmed into the pwm min register is given by: value decimal pwm min () = example 1: for a pwm duty cycle of 50%, value (decimal) = 50 / 0.39 = 128 decimal value = 128 decimal or 80hex. example 2: for a pwm duty cycle of 33%, value (decimal) = 33 / 0.39 = 85 decimal value = 85 decimal or 54 hex. pwm duty cycle registers reg. 0x30 pwm1 duty cycle = 0xff (100% default) reg. 0x31 pwm2 duty cycle = 0xff (100% default) reg. 0x32 pwm3 duty cycle = 0xff (100% default) by reading the pwmx current duty cycle registers, you can keep track of the current duty cycle on each pwm output, even when the fans are running in automatic fan speed control mode or acoustic enhancement mode.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e27e automatic fan speed control mode the ADM1027 has a local temperature sensor and two remote temperature channels that may be connected to an on-chip diode-connected transistor on a cpu. these three temperature channels may be used as the basis for automatic fan speed control to drive fans using pulsewidth modulation (pwm). in general, the greater the number of fans in a system, the better the cooling; but to the detriment of system acoustics. automatic fan speed control reduces acoustic noise by optimizing fan speed according to measured temperature. reducing fan speed can also decrease system current consumption. the automatic fan speed control mode is very flexible, owing to the number of programmable parameters, including t min and t range , as discussed in detail later. the t min and t range values chosen for a given fan are critical, since these define the thermal charac- teristics of the system. the thermal validation of the system is one of the most important steps of the design process, so these values should be carefully selected. aim of this section the main aim of this section of the data sheet is not only to provide the system? designer with an understanding of the automatic fan control loop, but to give some step-by-step guidance as to how to most effectively evaluate and select the critical system parameters. to optimize the system characteris- tics, the designer needs to give some forethought to how the system will be configured, e.g., the number of fans, where they are located, and what temperatures are being measured in the particular system. the mechanical or thermal engineer who is tasked with the actual system evaluation should also be involved up front. automatic fan control overview figure 27 gives a top-level overview of the automatic fan control circuitry on the ADM1027. from a systems-level per spective, up to three system temperatures can be monitored and used to control three pwm outputs. the three pwm out- puts can be used to control up to four fans. the ADM1027 allows the speed of four fans to be monitored. the right side of the block diagram shows controls that are fan-specific. the designer has individual control over parameters such as mini- mum pwm duty cycle, fan speed failure thresholds, and even ramp control of the pwm outputs. this ultimately allows grace- ful fan speed changes that are less perceptible to the system user. tachometer 1 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement tachometer 2 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement tachometer 3 and 4 measurement pwm generator pwm config pwm generator pwm config ramp control (acoustic enhancement pwm generator pwm config pwm min pwm min pwm min mux thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range pwm1 pwm2 pwm3 remote 1 temp local temp remote 2 temp figure 27. automatic fan control block diagram
rev. 0 e28e ADM1027 step 1 determine the hardware configuration essentially this means choosing whether to use pin 10 as a pwm2 output or as an smbalert output and deciding which smbus address is to be used. to set pin 10 as smbalert , set bit 0 of configuration register 3 (addr = 0x78h) equal to 1. the default state is pwm2, where this bit equals 0. it also refers to the layout recommendations of the ADM1027 on a motherboard for example. ADM1027 placement considerations motherboards are electrically noisy environments, and care must be taken to protect the analog inputs from noise, particu- larly the d+/d?lines of a remote diode sensor. the following precautions should be taken: 1. place the ADM1027 as close as possible to the remote sensing diode. provided that the worst noise sources such as clocks, data/address buses are avoided, this distance can be 4 inches to 8 inches. 2. route the d+ and d?tracks close together, in parallel, with grounded guard tracks on each side. provide a ground plane under the tracks if possible. do not run the d+/d?lines in different directions! 3. use wide tracks to minimize inductance and reduce noise pickup. 10 mil track minimum width and spacing is recom- mended. 4. try to minimize the number of copper/solder joints, which can cause thermocouple effects. where copper/solder joints are used, make sure that they are in both the d+ and d path and at the same temperature. avoid routing d+/d?on multiple layers or through vias if possible. these increase series resistance that will cause temperature error. 5. place a 0.1 f supply bypass capacitor close to the ADM1027. 6. if the distance to the remote sensor is more than 8 inches, the use of shielded twisted pair cable is recommended. this will work up to 100 feet. connect the twisted pair to d+/d and the shield to gnd close to the ADM1027. leave the remote end of the shield unconnected to avoid ground loops. because the measurement technique uses switched current sources, excessive cable (adds resistance) and/or filter capaci tance can affect the measurement. 1 ? series resistance introduces about 0.8 o c error.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e29e step 2 configuring the mux: which temperature controls which fan? having decided on the system hardware configuration, the fans can be assigned to particular temperature channels. not only can fans be assigned to individual channels, but how a fan behaves is configurable. for example, fans can be run under automatic fan control, manually (software control), or can run at the fastest speed calculated by multiple temperature channels. the mux is the bridge between temperature measurement channels and the three pwm outputs. bits <7:5> (bhvr bits) of registers 0x5c, 0x5d, and 0x5e (pwm configuration registers) control the behavior of the fans connected to pwm1, pwm2, and pwm3 outputs. the values selected for these bits determine how the mux connects a temperature measurement channel to a pwm output. automatic fan control mux options <7:5> (bhvr) registers 5ch, 5dh, 5eh 000 = remote 1 temp controls pwmx 001 = local temp controls pwmx 010 = remote 2 temp controls pwmx 101 = fastest speed calculated by local and remote 2 temp controls pwmx 110 = fastest speed calculated by all three temperature channels controls pwmx the fastest speed calculated options refer to the ability to con- trol one pwm output based on multiple temperature channels. while the thermal characteristics of the three temperature zones can be set up differently, they can drive a single fan. an example would be if the fan turns on when remote 1 temp exceeds 60 c or local temp exceeds 45 c. other mux options <7:5> (bhvr) registers 5ch, 5dh, 5eh 011 = pwmx runs full-speed (default) 100 = pwmx disabled 111 = manual mode. pwmx is run under software control. in this mode, pwm duty cycle registers (registers 0x30 to 0x32) are writable and control the pwm outputs. remote 1 = ambient temp local = vrm temp remote 2 = cpu temp pwm1 tach1 cpu fansink front chassis rear chassis pwm3 tach3 pwm2 tach2 mux tachometer 1 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement tachometer 2 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement tachometer 3 and 4 measurement pwm generator pwm generator ramp control (acoustic enhancement pwm generator pwm config pwm min mux thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range pwm min pwm min pwm config pwm config figure 28. assigning temperature channels to fan channels
rev. 0 e30e ADM1027 step 3 determine t min setting for each thermal channel t min is the temperature at which the fans will start to turn on under automatic fan control. the speed at which the fan runs at t min is programmed later. the t min values chosen will be temperature channel specific, e.g., 25 c for ambient channel, 30 c for vrm temperature, and 40 c for processor tempera- ture. t min is an 8-bit two? complement value that can be pro- grammed in 1 c increments. there is a t min register associated with each temperature measurement channel, remote 1, local and remote 2 temp. once the t min value is exceeded, the fan turns on and runs at minimum pwm duty cycle. the fan will turn off once temperature has dropped below t min ?t hyst (detailed later). to overcome fan inertia, the fan is spun up until two valid tach rising edges are counted. see fan start-up timeout section for more details. in some cases, primarily for psycho- acoustic reasons, it is desirable that the fan never switches off below t min . bits <7:5> of enhance acoustics reg 1 (reg. 0x62), when set, keep the fans running at pwm minimum duty cycle should the temperature be below t min . t min registers reg. 0x67 remote 1 temp t min = 0x5a (90 c default) reg. 0x68 local temp t min = 0x5a (90 c default) reg. 0x69 remote 2 temp t min = 0x5a (90 c default) enhance acoustics reg 1 (reg. 62h) bit 7 (min3) = 0, pwm3 is off (0% pwm duty cycle) when temp is below t min ?t hyst . bit 7 (min3) = 1, pwm3 runs at pwm3 minimum duty cycle below t min ?t hyst . bit 6 (min2) = 0, pwm2 is off (0% pwm duty cycle) when temp is below t min ?t hyst . bit 6 (min2) = 1, pwm2 runs at pwm2 minimum duty cycle below t min ?t hyst . bit 5 (min1) = 0, pwm1 is off (0% pwm duty cycle) when temp is below t min ?t hyst . bit 5 (min1) = 1, pwm1 runs at pwm1 minimum duty cycle below t min ?t hyst . t min 0% 100% pwm duty cycle tachometer 1 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement tachometer 2 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement tachometer 3 and 4 measurement pwm generator pwm generator ramp control (acoustic enhancement pwm generator pwm config pwm min mux thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range pwm min pwm min pwm config pwm config remote 1 = ambient temp local = vrm temp remote 2 = cpu temp pwm1 tach1 cpu fansink front chassis rear chassis pwm3 tach3 pwm2 tach2 figure 29. understanding t min parameter
rev. 0 ADM1027 e31e step 4 determine pwm min for each pwm (fan) output pwm min is the minimum pwm duty cycle that each fan in the system will run at. it is also the start speed for each fan under automatic fan control once the temperature rises above t min . for maximum system acoustic benefit, pwm min should be as low as possible. starting the fans at higher speeds than necessary will merely make the system louder than needed. depending on the fan used, the pwm min setting should be somewhere in the range 20% to 33% duty cycle. this value can be found through fan validation. temperature t min 100% pwm min 0% pwm duty cycle figure 30. pwm min determines min. pwm duty cycle it is important to note that more than one pwm output can be controlled from a single temperature measurement channel. for example, remote 1 temp can control pwm1 and pwm2 out- puts. if two different fans are used on pwm and pwm2, then the fan characteristics can be set up differently. so fan 1 driven by pwm1 can have a different pwm min value than that of fan 2 connected to pwm2. figure 31 illustrates this as pwm1 min (front fan) is turned on at a minimum duty cycle of 20%, whereas pwm2 min (rear fan) turns on at a minimum of 40% duty cycle. note however, that both fans turn on at the exact same temperature, defined by t min . temperature t min 100% pwm1 min 0% pwm duty cycle pwm1 pwm2 pwm2 min figure 31. operating two different fans from a single temperature channel programming the pwm min registers the pwm min registers are 8-bit registers that allow the minimum pwm duty cycle for each output to be configured anywhere from 0% to 100%. this allows minimum pwm duty cycle to be set in steps of 0.39%. the value to be programmed into the pwm min register is given by: value decimal pwm min () = /. 039 example 1: for a minimum pwm duty cycle of 50%, value (decimal) = 50 / 0.39 = 128 decimal value = 128 decimal or 80 hex . example 2: for a minimum pwm duty cycle of 33%, value (decimal) = 33 / 0.39 = 85 decimal value = 85 decimal or 54 hex . pwm min registers reg. 0x64 pwm1 min duty cycle = 0x80 (50% default) reg. 0x65 pwm2 min duty cycle = 0x80 (50% default) reg. 0x66 pwm3 min duty cycle = 0x80 (50% default) fan speed and pwm duty cycle it should be noted that pwm duty cycle does not directly corre- late to fan speed in rpm. running a fan at 33% pwm duty cycle does not equate to running the fan at 33% speed. driving a fan at 33% pwm duty cycle actually runs the fan at closer to 50% of its full speed. this is because fan speed in %rpm relates to the square root of pwm duty cycle. given a pwm squarewave as the drive signal, fan speed in rpm equates to: % fan speed pwm duty cycle = 10
rev. 0 e32e ADM1027 step 5 determine t range for each temperature channel t range is the range of temperature over which automatic fan control occurs once the programmed t min temperature has been exceeded. t range is actually a temperature slope and not an arbitrary value, i.e., a t range of 40 c only holds true for pwm min = 33%. if pwm min is increased or decreased, the effective t range is changed, as described later. temperature t min 100% pwm min 0% pwm duty cycle t range figure 32. t range parameter affects cooling slope the t range or fan control slope is determined by the following procedure: 1. determine the maximum operating temperature for that channel, e.g., 70 c. 2. determine experimentally the fan speed (pwm duty cycle value) will not exceed that temperature at the worst case operating points, e.g., 70 c is reached when the fans are running at 50% pwm duty cycle. 3. determine the slope of the required control loop to meet these requirements. 4. use best fit approximation to determine the most suitable t range value. there is ADM1027 evaluation software avail- able to calculate the best fit value: ask your local analog devices representative for more details. t min 100% 33% 0% pwm duty cycle 50% 30 c 40 c figure 33. adjusting pwm min affects t range t range is implemented as a slope, which means as pwm min is changed, t range changes but the actual slope remains the same. the higher the pwm min value, the smaller the effective t range will be, i.e., the fan will reach full speed (100%) at a lower temperature. t min 100% 33% 0% pwm duty cycle 50% 30 c 40 c 25% 10% 45 c 54 c figure 34. increasing pwm min changes effectivet range for a given t range value, the temperature at which the fan will run full-speed for different pwm min values can easily be calcu- lated: where, t max = temperature at which the fan runs full-speed t min = temperature at which the fan will turn on max d.c. = maximum duty cycle (100%) = 255 decimal min d.c. = pwm min t range = pwm duty cycle versus temperature slope example: calculate t max , given t min = 30 c, t range = 40 c and pwm min = 10% duty cycle = 26 decimal t max = t min ( max d.c. ? min d.c. ) t range / 170 t max = 30 c (100% ?10%) 40 c / 170 t max = 30 c (255 ?26) 40 c / 170 t max = 84 ( effective t range = 54 ) example: calculate t max , given t min = 30 c, t range = 40 c and pwm min = 25% duty cycle = 64 decimal t max = t min ( max d.c. ? min d.c. ) t range / 170 t max = 30 c (100% ?25%) 40 c / 170 t max = 30 c (255 ?64) 40 c / 170 t max = 75 ( effective t range = 45 ) tt max dc mindc t max min range =+ () ? 170
rev. 0 ADM1027 e33e example: calculate t max , given t min = 30 c , t range = 40 c and pwm min = 33% duty cycle = 85 decimal t max = t min max d.c. e min d.c. ) t range / 170 t max = 30 c c / 170 t max = 30 c c / 170 t max = 70 ( effective t range = 40 ) example: calculate t max , given t min = 30 t range = 40 = = t max = t min max d.c. e min d.c. ) t range / 170 t max = 30 c c / 170 t max = 30 c c / 170 t max = 60 ( effective t range = 30 ) selecting a t range slope the t range value can be selected for each temperature channel: remote 1, local and remote 2 temp. bits <7:4> (trange) of registers 0x5f to 0x61 define the t range value for each temperature channel. bits <7:4> * t range 0000 2 ()
rev. 0 e34e ADM1027 step 6 determine t therm for each temperature channel t therm is the absolute maximum temperature allowed on a temperature channel. above this temperature, a component such as the cpu or vrm may be operating beyond its safe operating limit. when the temperature measured exceeds t therm , all fans are driven at 100% pwm duty cycle (full speed) to provide critical system cooling. the fans remain running 100% until the temperature drops below t therm hysteresis. the hysteresis value is 4 c. the t therm limit should be considered the maximum worst- case operating temperature of the system. since exceeding any t therm limit runs all fans at 100%, it has very negative acoustic effects. ultimately, this limit should be set up as a failsafe, and you should ensure that it is not exceeded under normal system operating conditions. note that the t therm limits are nonmaskable and affect the fan speed no matter what automatic fan control settings are config- ured. this allows some flexibility since a t range value can be selected based on its slope, while a hard limit, e.g., 70 c, can be programmed as t max (the temperature at which the fan reaches full speed) by setting t therm to 70 c. therm hysteresis is 4 c. therm registers reg. 0x6a remote 1 therm limit = 0x64 (100 c default) reg. 0x6b local temp therm limit = 0x64 (100 c default) reg. 0x6c remote 2 therm limit = 0x64 (100 c default) t min pwm duty cycle 0% 100% t therm tachometer 1 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement) tachometer 2 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement) tachometer 3 and 4 measurement pwm generator pwm generator ramp control (acoustic enhancement) pwm generator pwm config pwm min mux thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range pwm min pwm min pwm config pwm config remote 1 = ambient temp local = vrm temp remote 2 = cpu temp pwm1 tach1 cpu fansink front chassis rear chassis pwm3 tach3 pwm2 tach2 t range figure 35. understanding how t therm relates to automatic fan control
rev. 0 ADM1027 e35e step 7 determine t hyst for each temperature channel t hyst is the amount of extra cooling a fan provides after the temperature measured has dropped back below t min before the fan turns off. the premise for temperature hysteresis (t hyst ) is that without it, the fan would merely chatter, or cycle on and off regularly, whenever temperature is hovering about the t min setting. the t hyst value chosen will determine the amount of time needed for the system to cool down or heat up, as the fan is turning on and off. values of hysteresis are programmable in the range 1 c to 15 c. larger values of t hyst prevent the fans chattering on and off as previously described. the t hyst de- fault value is set at 4 c. hysteresis registers reg. 0x6d remote 1, local hysteresis register <7:4> = remote 1 temp hysteresis (default = 4 c) <3:0> = local temp hysteresis (default = 4 c) reg. 0x6e remote 2 temp hysteresis register <7:4> = remote 2 temp hysteresis (default = 4 c) note that in some applications it is required that the fans not turn off below t min , but remain running at pwm min . bits <7:5> of enhance acoustics reg 1 (reg. 0x62) allow the fans to be turned off, or kept spinning below t min . if the fans are always on, the t hyst value has no effect on the fan when the temperature drops below t min . enhance acoustics reg 1 (reg. 62h) bit 7 (min3) = 0, pwm3 is off (0% pwm duty cycle) when temp is below t min ?t hyst . bit 7 (min3) = 1, pwm3 runs at pwm3 minimum duty cycle below t min ?t hyst . bit 6 (min2) = 0, pwm2 is off (0% pwm duty cycle) when temp is below t min ?t hyst . bit 6 (min2) = 1, pwm2 runs at pwm2 minimum duty cycle below t min ?t hyst . bit 5 (min1) = 0, pwm1 is off (0% pwm duty cycle) when temp is below t min ?t hyst . bit 5 (min1) = 1, pwm1 runs at pwm1 minimum duty cycle below t min ?t hyst . pwm duty cycle 0% 100% t range t hyst t min t therm tachometer 1 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement) tachometer 2 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement) tachometer 3 and 4 measurement pwm generator pwm generator ramp control (acoustic enhancement) pwm generator pwm config pwm min mux thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range pwm min pwm min pwm config pwm config remote 1 = ambient temp local = vrm temp remote 2 = cpu temp pwm1 tach1 cpu fansink front chassis rear chassis pwm3 tach3 pwm2 tach2 figure 36. the t hyst value applies to fan on/off hysteresis and therm hysteresis
rev. 0 e36e ADM1027 enhancing system acoustics automatic fan speed control mode reacts instantaneously to changes in temperature, i.e., the pwm duty cycle will respond immediately to temperature change. any impulses in tempera- ture can cause an impulse in fan noise. for psycho-acoustic reasons, the ADM1027 can prevent the pwm output from reacting instantaneously to temperature changes. enhanced acoustic mode will control the maximum change in pwm duty cycle in a given time. the objective is to prevent the fan cycling up and down and annoying the system user. acoustic enhancement mode overview figure 37 gives a top-level overview of the automatic fan control circuitry on the ADM1027 and where acoustic enhancement fits in. acoustic enhancement is intended as a post-design tweak where a system or mechanical engineer is evaluating best settings for the system. having determined the optimal settings for the thermal solution, the engineer can ad- just the system acoustics. the goal is to implement a system that is acoustically pleasing without causing the user annoyance due to fan cycling. it is important to realize that although a system may pass an acoustic noise requirement spec, e.g., 36 db, if the fan is annoying it will fail the consumer test. the approach there are two different approaches to implementing system acoustic enhancement. the first m ethod is temperature- centric. this would involve smoothing transient temperatures as they are measured by a temperature source, e.g., remote 1 tem- perature. the temperature values used to calculate pwm duty cycle values would be smoothed, reducing fan speed variation. how- ever, this approach would cause an inherent delay in updating fan speed and would cause the thermal characteristics of the system to change. it would also cause the system fans to stay on longer than necessary, since the fan? reaction is merely delayed. the user would also have no control over noise from different fans driven by the same temperature source. consider control- ling a cpu cooler fan (on pwm1) and a chassis fan (on pwm2) using remote 1 temperature. because the remote 1 temperature is smoothed, both fans will be updated at exactly the same rate. if the chassis fan is much louder than the cpu fan, there is no way to improve its acoustics without changing the thermal solution of the cpu cooling fan. the second approach is fan-centric. the idea is to control the pwm duty cycle driving the fan at a fixed rate, e.g., 6%. each time the pwm duty cycle is updated, it is incremented by a fixed 6%. so the fan ramps smoothly to its newly calculated speed. if the temperature starts to drop, the pwm duty cycle immediately decreases by 6% every update. so the fan ramps smoothly up or down without inherent system delay. consider controlling the same cpu cooler fan (on pwm1) and chassis fan (on pwm2) using remote 1 temperature. the t min and t range settings have already been defined in automatic fan speed control mode, i.e. thermal characterization of the con- trol loop has been optimized. now the chassis fan is noisier than the cpu cooling fan. so pwm2 can be placed into acoustic enhancement mode independent of pwm1. the acoustics of the chassis fan can therefore be adjusted without affecting the acoustic behavior of the cpu cooling fan, even though both fans are being controlled by remote 1 temperature. this is exactly how acoustic enhancement works on the ADM1027. acoustic enhancement tachometer 1 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement) tachometer 2 measurement ramp control (acoustic enhancement) tachometer 3 and 4 measurement pwm generator pwm generator ramp control (acoustic enhancement) pwm generator pwm config pwm min mux thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range thermal calibration 100% 0% t min t range pwm min pwm min pwm config pwm config remote 1 = ambient temp local = vrm temp remote 2 = cpu temp pwm1 tach1 cpu fansink front chassis rear chassis pwm3 tach3 pwm2 tach2 figure 37. acoustic enhancement smooths fan speed variations under automatic fan speed control
rev. 0 ADM1027 e37e enabling acoustic enhancement for each pwm output enhanced acoustics register 1 (reg. 0x62) <3> = 1 enables acoustic enhancement on pwm1 output. enhanced acoustics register 2 (reg. 0x63) <7> = 1 enables acoustic enhancement on pwm2 output. <3> = 1 enables acoustic enhancement on pwm3 output. effect of ramp rate on enhanced acoustics mode the pwm signal driving the fan will have a period, t, given by the pwm drive frequency, f, since t = 1/f. for a given pwm period, t, the pwm period is subdivided into 255 equal timeslots. one timeslot corresponds to the smallest possible increment in pwm duty cycle. a p wm signal of 33% duty cycle will thus be high for 1/3 170 timeslots 85 timeslots pwm output (one period) = 255 timeslots pwm_out 33% duty cycle figure 38. 33% pwm duty cycle represented in timeslots the ramp rates in enhanced acoustics mode are selectable between 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 24, and 48. the ramp rates are actu- ally discrete timeslots. for example, if the ramp rate = 8, then eight timeslots will be added to the pwm high duty cycle each time the pwm duty cycle needs to be increased. if the pwm duty cycle value needs to be decreased, it will be decreased by eight timeslots. figure 39 shows how the enhanced acoustics mode algorithm operates. read temperature calculate new pwm duty cycle is new pwm value > previous value? increment previous pwm value by ramp rate yes no decrement previous pwm value by ramp rate figure 39. enhanced acoustics algorithm the enhanced acoustics mode algorithm calculates a new pwm duty cycle based on the temperature measured. if the new pwm duty cycle value is greater than the previous pwm value, then the previous pwm duty cycle value is incremented by either 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 24, or 48 timeslots (depending on the settings of the enhanced acoustics registers). if the new pwm duty cycle value is less than the previous pwm value, then the previous pwm duty cycle is decremented by 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 24, or 48 timeslots. each time the pwm duty cycle is incremented or decremented, it is stored as the previous pwm duty cycle for the next comparison. a ramp rate of 1 corresponds to one timeslot, which is 1/255 of the pwm period. in enhanced acoustics mode, incrementing or decrementing by 1 changes the pwm output by 1/255
rev. 0 e38e ADM1027 choosing ramp rate for acoustic enhancement the optimal ramp rate for acoustic enhancement can be found through system characterization after the thermal optimization has been finished. each ramp rate? effects should be logged if possible to determine the best setting for a given solution. enhanced acoustics register 1 (reg. 0x62) <2:0> acou select the ramp rate for pwm1. 000 = 1 timeslot = 35 seconds 001 = 2 timeslots = 17.6 seconds 010 = 3 timeslots = 11.8 seconds 011 = 5 timeslots = 7 seconds 100 = 8 timeslots = 4.4 seconds 101 = 12 timeslots = 3 seconds 110 = 24 timeslots = 1.6 seconds 111 = 48 timeslots = 0.8 seconds enhanced acoustics register 2 (reg. 0x63) <2:0> acou3 select the ramp rate for pwm3. 000 = 1 timeslot = 35 seconds 001 = 2 timeslots = 17.6 seconds 010 = 3 timeslots = 11.8 seconds 011 = 5 timeslots = 7 seconds 100 = 8 timeslots = 4.4 seconds 101 = 12 timeslots = 3 seconds 110 = 24 timeslots = 1.6 seconds 111 = 48 timeslots = 0.8 seconds <6:4> acou2 select the ramp rate for pwm2. 000 = 1 timeslot = 35 seconds 001 = 2 timeslots = 17.6 seconds 010 = 3 timeslots = 11.8 seconds 011 = 5 timeslots = 7 seconds 100 = 8 timeslots = 4.4 seconds 101 = 12 timeslots = 3 seconds 110 = 24 timeslots = 1.6 seconds 111 = 48 timeslots = 0.8 seconds another way to view the ramp rates is as the time it takes for the pwm output to ramp from 0% to 100% duty cycle for an in stantaneous change in temperature. this can be tested by putting the ADM1027 in manual mode and changing the pwm output from 0% to 100% pwm duty cycle. the pwm output takes 35 seconds to reach 100% with a ramp rate of 1 time slot selected. time ?s 140 0 0.76 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 r temp ( c) power duty cycle (%) figure 40. enhanced acoustics mode with ramp rate = 48 figure 40 shows remote temperature plotted against pwm duty cycle for enhanced acoustics mode. the ramp rate is set to 48, which would correspond to the fastest ramp rate. assume that a new temperature reading is available every 115 ms. with these settings, it took approximately 0.76 seconds to go from 33% duty cycle to 100% duty cycle (full speed). it can be seen that even though the temperature increased very rapidly, the fan ramps up to full speed gradually. figure 41 shows how changing the ramp rate from 48 to 8 affects the control loop. the overall response of the fan is slower. since the ramp rate is reduced, it takes longer for the fan to achieve full running speed. in this case, it took approxi- mately 4.4 seconds for the fan to reach full speed. time ?s 120 0 4.4 140 120 100 80 60 40 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 figure 41. enhanced acoustics mode with ramp rate = 8 as can be seen from the above examples, the rate at which the fan will react to temperature change is dependent on the ramp rate selected in the enhance acoustics registers. the higher the ramp rate, the faster the fan will reach the newly calculated fan speed. figure 42 shows the behavior of the pwm output as tempera- ture varies. as the temperature is rising, the fan speed will ramp up. small drops in temperature will not affect the ramp-up function since the newly calculated fan speed will still be higher than the previous pwm value. the enhanced acoustics mode allows the pwm output to be m ade less sensitive to temperature variations. this will be dependent on the ramp rate selected and programmed into the enhanced acoustics. 90 90 80 70 60 50 40 20 80 70 60 50 40 0 30 10 30 20 10 0 r temp pwm duty cycle figure 42. how fan reacts to temperature variation in enhanced acoustics mode
rev. 0 ADM1027 e39e operating from 3.3 v standby the ADM1027 has been specifically designed to operate from a 3.3 v stby supply. in computers that support s3 and s5 states, the core voltage of the processor will be lowered in these states. note that since other voltages can drop or be turned off during a low power state, these voltage channels will set status bits or generate smbalert m r w t smbalert xor tree test mode the ADM1027 includes an xor tree test mode. this mode is useful for in-circuit test equipment at board-level testing. by applying stimulus to the pins included in the xor tree, it is possible to detect opens or shorts on the system board. figure 43 shows the signals that are exercised in the xor tree test mode. pwm1/xto pwm3 pwm2 t ach4 t ach3 t ach2 t ach1 vid4 vid3 vid2 vid1 vid0 figure 43. xor tree test the xor tree test is invoked by setting bit 0 (xen) of the xor tree test enable register (reg. 0x6f).
rev. 0 e40e ADM1027 table iv. ADM1027 registers address r/w description bit 7 bit 6 bit 5 bit 4 bit 3 bit 2 bit 1 bit 0 default lockable? 0x20 r 2.5 v reading 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0x00 0x21 r v ccp reading 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0x00 0x22 r v cc reading 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0x00 0x23 r 5 v reading 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0x00 0x24 r 12 v reading 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0x00 0x25 r remote 1 temperature 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0x80 0x26 r local temperature 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0x80 0x27 r remote 2 temperature 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0x80 0x28 r tach1 low byte 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x00 0x29 r tach1 high byte 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 0x00 0x2a r tach2 low byte 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x00 0x2b r tach2 high byte 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 0x00 0x2c r tach3 low byte 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x00 0x2d r tach3 high byte 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 0x00 0x2e r tach4 low byte 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x00 0x2f r tach4 high byte 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 0x00 0x30 r/w pwm1 current duty cycle 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0xff 0x31 r/w pwm2 current duty cycle 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0xff 0x32 r/w pwm3 current duty cycle 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0xff 0x3d r device id register 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x27 0x3e r company id number 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x41 0x3f r revision number ver ver ver ver stp stp stp stp 0x60 0x40 r/w configuration register 1 v cc todis fspdis v
rev. 0 ADM1027 e41e table iv. ADM1027 registers (continued) address r/w description bit 7 bit 6 bit 5 bit 4 bit 3 bit 2 bit 1 bit 0 default lockable? 0x5c r/w pwm1 configuration register bhvr bhvr bhvr inv 3 spin spin spin 0x62 yes 0x5d r/w pwm2 configuration register bhvr bhvr bhvr inv 3 spin spin spin 0x62 yes 0x5e r/w pwm3 configuration register bhvr bhvr bhvr inv 3 spin spin spin 0x62 yes 0x5f r/w remote 1 t range /pwm 1 freq range range range range 3 freq freq freq 0xc4 yes 0x60 r/w local t range /pwm 2 freq range range range range 3 freq freq freq 0xc4 yes 0x61 r/w remote 2 t range /pwm 3 freq range range range range 3 freq freq freq 0xc4 yes 0x62 r/w enhance acoustics reg 1 min3 min2 min1 4 en1 acou acou acou 0x00 yes 0x63 r/w enhance acoustics reg 2 en2 acou2 acou2 acou2 en3 acou3 acou3 acou3 0x00 yes 0x64 r/w pwm1 min duty cycle 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x80 yes 0x65 r/w pwm2 min duty cycle 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x80 yes 0x66 r/w pwm3 min duty cycle 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x80 yes 0x67 r/w remote 1 temp t min 76 5 432 10 0x5a yes 0x68 r/w local temp t min 76 5 432 10 0x5a yes 0x69 r/w remote 2 temp t min 76 5 432 10 0x5a yes 0x6a r/w remote 1 therm limit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x64 yes 0x6b r/w local therm limit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x64 yes 0x6c r/w remote 2 therm limit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x64 yes 0x6d r/w remote 1, local hysteresis hysr1 hysr1 hysr1 hysr1 hysl hysl hysl hysl 0x44 yes 0x6e r/w remote 2 temp hysteresis hysr2 hysr2 hysr2 hysr2 res res res res 0x40 yes 0x6f r/w xor tree test enable res res res res res res res xen 0x00 yes 0x70 r/w remote 1 temperature offset 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x00 yes 0x71 r/w local temperature offset 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x00 yes 0x72 r/w remote 2 temperature offset 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0x00 yes 0x73 r/w configuration register 2 7 conv attn avg ain4 ain3 ain2 ain1 0x00 yes 0x74 r/w interrupt mask 1 register ool r2t lt r1t 5 v v cc v ccp 2.5 v 0x00 0x75 r/w interrupt mask 2 register d2 d1 5 fan3 fan2 fan1 ovt 12 v 0x00 0x76 r/w extended resolution 1 5 v 5 v v cc v cc v ccp v ccp 2.5 v 2.5 v 0x00 0x77 r/w extended resolution 2 tdm2 tdm2 ltmp ltmp tdm1 tdm1 12 v 12 v 0x00 0x78 r/w configuration register 3 dc4 dc3 dc2 dc1 fast boost 1 alert 0x00 yes 0x7b r/w fan pulses per revolution fan4 fan4 fan3 fan3 fan2 fan2 fan1 fan1 0x55
rev. 0 e42e ADM1027 table v. voltage reading registers (power on default = 00h) register address r/w description 0x20 read only 2.5 v reading (8 msbs of reading) 0x21 read only v ccp reading: holds processor core voltage measurement (8 msbs of reading) 0x22 read only v cc reading: measures v cc through the v cc pin (8 msbs of reading) 0x23 read only 5 v reading (8 msbs of reading) 0x24 read only 12 v reading (8 msbs of reading) if the extended resolution bits of these readings are also being read, the extended resolution registers (reg. 0x76, 0x77) shou ld be read first. once the extended resolution register gets read, the associated msb reading registers get frozen until read. both t he ex- tended resolution register and the msb registers get frozen. table vi. temperature reading registers (power on default = 80h) register address r/w description 0x25 read only remote 1 temperature reading * (8 msbs of reading) 0x26 read only local temperature reading (8 msbs of reading) 0x27 read only remote 2 temperature reading * (8 msbs of reading) these temperature readings are in two? complement format. * note that a reading of 0x80 in a temperature reading register indicates a diode fault (open or short) on that channel. if the e xtended resolution bits of these readings are also being read, the extended resolution registers (reg. 0x76, 0x77) should be read first . once the extended resolution register gets read, all associated msb reading registers get frozen until read. both the extended resol ution register and the msb registers get frozen. table vii. fan tachometer reading registers (power on default = 00h) register address r/w description 0x28 read only tach1 low byte 0x29 read only tach1 high byte 0x2a read only tach2 low byte 0x2b read only tach2 high byte 0x2c read only tach3 low byte 0x2d read only tach3 high byte 0x2e read only tach4 low byte 0x2f read only tach4 high byte these registers count the number of 11.11 ( ) ( = ) ( ) 1. stalled or blocked (object jamming the fan) 2. failed (internal circuitry destroyed) 3. not populated (the ADM1027 expects to see a fan connected to each tach. if a fan is not connected to that tach, its tach minimum high and low byte should be set to 0xffff) 4. 2-wire instead of 3-wire fan
rev. 0 ADM1027 e43e table viii. current pwm duty cycle registers (power-on default = ffh) register address r/w description 0x30 read/write pwm1 current duty cycle (0% to 100% duty cycle = 0x00 to 0xff) 0x31 read/write pwm2 current duty cycle (0% to 100% duty cycle = 0x00 to 0xff) 0x32 read/write pwm3 current duty cycle (0% to 100% duty cycle = 0x00 to 0xff) these registers reflect the pwm duty cycle driving each fan at any given time. when in automatic fan speed control mode, the ADM1027 reports the pwm duty cycles back through these registers. the pwm duty cycle values will vary according to tempera- ture in automatic fan speed control mode. during fan startup, these registers report back 0x00. in software mode, the pwm duty cycle outputs can be set to any duty cycle value by writing to these registers. table ix. register 40h ?configuration register 1 (power-on default = 00h) bit name r/w description <0> strt read/write logic 1 enables monitoring and pwm control outputs based on the limit settings pro- grammed. logic 0 disables monitoring and pwm control based on the default power-up limit settings. note that the limit values programmed are preserved even if a logic 0 is written to this bit and the default settings are enabled. this bit becomes read only and cannot be changed once bit 1 (lock bit) has been written. all limit registers should be programmed by bios before setting this bit to 1 (lockable). <1> lock write once logic 1 locks all limit values to their current settings. once this bit is set, all lockable registers become read only and cannot be modified until the ADM1027 is powered down and powered up again. this prevents rogue programs such as viruses from modifying critical system limit settings (lockable). <2> rdy read only this bit gets set to 1 by the ADM1027 to indicate that the device is fully powered up and ready to begin systems monitoring. <3> fspd read/write when set to 1, this runs all fans at full speed. power-on default = 0. this bit does not get locked at any time. <4> v () < < () < ()
rev. 0 e44e ADM1027 table x. register 41h ?interrupt status register 1 (power on default = 00h) bit name read/write description <0> 2.5v read only a one indicates the 2.5 v high or low limit has been exceeded. this bit gets cleared on a read of the status register only if the error condition has subsided. <1> v ccp read only a one indicates the v ccp high or low limit has been exceeded. this bit gets cleared on a read of the status register only if the error condition has subsided. <2> v cc read only a one indicates the v cc high or low limit has been exceeded. this bit gets cleared on a read of the status register only if the error condition has subsided. <3> 5v read only a one indicates the 5 v high or low limit has been exceeded. this bit gets cleared on a read of the status register only if the error condition has subsided. <4> r1t read only a one indicates the remote 1 low or high temp limit has been exceeded. this bit gets cleared on a read of the status register only if the error condition has subsided. <5> lt read only a one indicates the local low or high temp limit has been exceeded. this bit gets cleared on a read of the status register only if the error condition has subsided. <6> r2t read only a one indicates the remote 2 low or high temp limit has been exceeded. this bit gets cleared on a read of the status register only if the error condition has subsided. <7> ool read only a one indicates that an out-of-limit event has been latched in status register 2. this bit is a logical or of all status bits in status register 2. software can test this bit in isolation to determine whether any of the voltage, temperature, or fan speed readings represented by status register 2 are out-of-limit. this saves the need to read status register 2 every interrupt or polling cycle. table xi. register 42h ?interrupt status register 2 (power on default = 00h) bit name read/write description <0> 12v read only a one indicates the 12 v high or low limit has been exceeded. this bit gets cleared on a read of the status register only if the error condition has subsided. <1> ovt read only a one indicates that one of the therm overtemperature limits has been exceeded. this bit gets cleared on a read of the status register when the temperature drops below therm ?4 < < < < < <
rev. 0 ADM1027 e45e table xii. register 43h ?vid register (power on default = 00h ) bit name r/w description <4:0> vid[4:0] read only the vid[4:0] inputs from the cpu to indicate the expected processor core voltage. on power-up, these bits reflect the state of the vid pins, even if monitoring is not enabled. <7:5> reserved read only reserved for future use table xiii. voltage limit registers register address r/w description power-on default 0x44 read/write 2.5 v low limit 0x00 0x45 read/write 2.5 v high limit 0xff 0x46 read/write v ccp low limit 0x00 0x47 read/write v ccp high limit 0xff 0x48 read/write v cc low limit 0x00 0x49 read/write v cc high limit 0xff 0x4a read/write 5 v low limit 0x00 0x4b read/write 5 v high limit 0xff 0x4c read/write 12 v low limit 0x00 0x4d read/write 12 v high limit 0xff setting the configuration register 1 lock bit has no effect on these registers. high limits: an interrupt is generated when a value exceeds its high limit ( > comparison). low limits: an interrupt is generated when a value is equal to or below its low limit ( < = comparison). table xiv. temperature limit registers register address r/w description power-on default 0x4e read/write remote 1 temp low limit 0x81 0x4f read/write remote 1 temp high limit 0x7f 0x50 read/write local temp low limit 0x81 0x51 read/write local temp high limit 0x7f 0x52 read/write remote 2 temp low limit 0x81 0x53 read/write remote 2 temp high limit 0x7f exceeding any of these temperature limits by 1 o c will cause the appropriate status bit to be set in the interrupt status register. set- ting the configuration register 1 lock bit has no effect on these registers. high limits: an interrupt is generated when a value exceeds its high limit ( > comparison). low limits: an interrupt is generated when a value is equal to or below its low limit ( < = comparison). table xv. fan tachometer limit registers register address r/w description power-on default 0x54 read/write tach 1 minimum low byte 0xff 0x55 read/write tach 1 minimum high byte 0xff 0x56 read/write tach 2 minimum low byte 0xff 0x57 read/write tach 2 minimum high byte 0xff 0x58 read/write tach 3 minimum low byte 0xff 0x59 read/write tach 3 minimum high byte 0xff 0x5a read/write tach 4 minimum low byte 0xff 0x5b read/write tach 4 minimum high byte 0xff exceeding any of the tach limit registers by 1 indicates that the fan is running too slowly or has stalled. the appropriate sta tus bit will be set in interrupt status register 2 to indicate the fan failure. setting the configuration register 1 lock bit has no ef fect on these registers.
rev. 0 e46e ADM1027 table xvi. pwm configuration registers register address r/w description power-on default 0x5c read/write pwm1 configuration 0x62 0x5d read/write pwm2 configuration 0x62 0x5e read/write pwm3 configuration 0x62 bit name read/write description <2:0> spin read/write these bits control the startup timeout for pwmx. the pwm output stays high (fan startup until two valid tach rising edges are seen from the fan. if there is not a valid tach timeout) signal during the fan tach measurement directly after the fan startup timeout period, then the tach measurement will read 0xffff and status register 2 reflects the fan fault. if the tach minimum high and low byte contains 0xffff or 0x0000, then the status register 2 bit will not get set, even if the fan has not started. 000 = no startup timeout 001 = 100 ms 010 = 250 ms (default) 011 = 400 ms 101 = 1 sec 110 = 2 secs 111 = 4 secs note: do not program 100 <3> reserved read only reserved for future use <4> inv read/write this bit inverts the pwm output. the default is 0, which corresponds to a logic high output for 100% duty cycle. setting this bit to 1, inverts the pwm output, so 100% duty cycle corresponds to a logic low output. <7:5> bhvr read/write these bits assign each fan to a particular temperature sensor for localized cooling. 000 = remote 1 temp controls pwmx (automatic fan control mode) 001 = local temp controls pwmx (automatic fan control mode) 010 = remote 2 temp controls pwmx (automatic fan control mode) 011 = pwmx runs full speed (default) 100 = pwmx disabled 101 = fastest speed calculated by local and remote 2 temp controls pwmx 110 = fastest speed calculated by all three temperatures controls pwmx 111 = manual mode. pwm duty cycle registers (reg 0x30-0x32) become writable. these registers become read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any subsequent attempts to write to th ese registers will fail.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e47e table xvii. temp t range /pwm frequency registers register address r/w description power-on default 0x5f read/write remote 1 t range /pwm 1 frequency 0xc4 0x60 read/write local temp t range /pwm 2 frequency 0xc4 0x61 read/write remote 2 t range /pwm 3 frequency 0xc4 bit name read/write description <2:0> freq read/write these bits control the pwmx frequency. 000 = 11.0 hz 001 = 14.7 hz 010 = 22.1 hz 011 = 29.4 hz 100 = 35.3 hz (default) 101 = 44.1 hz 110 = 58.8 hz 111 = 88.2 hz <3> reserved read/write reserved for future use. <7:4> range read/write these bits determine the pwm duty cycle versus temperature slope for automatic fan control. 0000 = 2 o c 0001 = 2.5 o c 0010 = 3.33 o c 0011 = 4 o c 0100 = 5 o c 0101 = 6.67 o c 0110 = 8 o c 0111 = 10 o c 1000 = 13.33 o c 1001 = 16 o c 1010 = 20 o c 1011 = 26.67 o c 1100 = 32 o c (default) 1101 = 40 o c 1110 = 53.33 o c 1111 = 80 o c these registers become read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set. any further attempts to write to these regi sters shall have no effect.
rev. 0 e48e ADM1027 table xviii. register 62h ?enhance acoustics reg 1 (power-on default = 00h) bit name r/w description <2:0> acou read only these bits select the ramp rate applied to the pwm1 output. instead of pwm1 jump- ing instantaneously to its newly calculated speed, pwm1 will ramp gracefully at the rate determined by these bits. this feature enhances the acoustics of the fan being driven by the pwm1 output. time slot increase time for 33% to 100% 000 = 1 35 secs 001 = 2 17.6 secs 010 = 3 1.8 secs 011 = 5 7 secs 100 = 8 4.4 secs 101 = 12 3 secs 110 = 24 1.6 secs 111 = 48 0.8 secs <3> en1 read/write when this bit is 1, acoustic enhancement is enabled on pwm1 output. when acoustic enhancement is enabled, fan spin-up time should be disabled. <4> reserved read only reserved for future use <5> min1 read/write when the ADM1027 is in automatic fan control mode, this bit defines whether pwm 1 is off (0% duty cycle) or at pwm 1 minimum duty cycle when the controlling temperature is below its t min ?hysteresis value. 0 = 0% duty cycle below t min ?hysteresis 1 = pwm 1 minimum duty cycle below t min ?hysteresis <6> min2 read/write when the ADM1027 is in automatic fan speed control mode, this bit defines whether pwm 2 is off (0% duty cycle) or at pwm 2 minimum duty cycle when the controlling temperature is below its t min ?hysteresis value. 0 = 0% duty cycle below t min ?hysteresis 1 = pwm 2 minimum duty cycle below t min ?hysteresis <7> min3 read/write when the ADM1027 is in automatic fan speed control mode, this bit defines whether pwm 3 is off (0% duty cycle) or at pwm 3 minimum duty cycle when the controlling temperature is below its t min ?hysteresis value. 0 = 0% duty cycle below t min ?hysteresis 1 = pwm 3 minimum duty cycle below t min ?hysteresis this register becomes read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any further attempts to write to this r egister will have no effect.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e49e table xix. register 63h ?enhance acoustics reg 2 (power-on default = 00h) bit name r/w description <2:0> acou3 read/write these bits select the ramp rate applied to the pwm3 output. instead of pwm3 jumping instantaneously to its newly calculated speed, pwm3 will ramp gracefully at the rate determined by these bits. this effect enhances the acoustics of the fan being driven by the pwm3 output. time slot increase time for 33% to 100% 000 = 1 35 secs 001 = 2 17.6 secs 010 = 3 11.8 secs 011 = 5 7 secs 100 = 8 4.4 secs 101 = 12 3 secs 110 = 24 1.6 secs 111 = 48 0.8 secs <3> en3 read/write when this bit is 1, acoustic enhancement is enabled on pwm3 output. when acoustic enhancement is enabled, fan spin-up time should be disabled. <6:4> acou2 read/write these bits select the ramp rate applied to the pwm2 output. instead of pwm2 jumping instantaneously to its newly calculated speed, pwm2 will ramp grace- fully at the rate determined by these bits. this effect enhances the acoustics of the fans being driven by the pwm2 output. time slot increase time for 33% to 100% 000 = 1 35 secs 001 = 2 17.6 secs 010 = 3 11.8 secs 011 = 5 7 secs 100 = 8 4.4 secs 101 = 12 3 secs 110 = 24 1.6 secs 111 = 48 0.8 secs <7> en2 read/write when this bit is 1, acoustic enhancement is enabled on pwm2 output. when acoustic enhancement is enabled, fan spin-up time should be disabled. this register becomes read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any further attempts to write to this r egister will have no effect.
rev. 0 e50e ADM1027 table xx. pwm min duty cycle registers register address r/w description power-on default 0x64 read/write pwm1 min duty cycle 0x80 (50% duty cycle) 0x65 read/write pwm2 min duty cycle 0x80 (50% duty cycle) 0x66 read/write pwm3 min duty cycle 0x80 (50% duty cycle) bit name read/write description <7:0> pwm duty read/write these bits define the pwm min duty cycle for pwmx.cycle 0x00 = 0% duty cycle (fan off) 0x40 = 25% duty cycle 0x80 = 50% duty cycle 0xff = 100% duty cycle (fan full speed) these registers become read only when the ADM1027 is in automatic fan control mode. table xxi. t min registers register address r/w description power-on default 0x67 read/write remote 1 temp t min 0x5a (90 o c) 0x68 read/write local temp t min 0x5a (90 o c) 0x69 read/write remote 2 temp t min 0x5a (90 o c) these are the t min registers for each temperature channel. when the temperature measured exceeds t min , the appropriate fan will run at minimum speed and increase with temperature according to t range . these registers become read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set. any further attempts to write to these regi sters shall have no effect. table xxii. therm limit registers register address r/w description power-on default 0x6a read/write remote 1 therm limit 0x64 (100 o c) 0x6b read/write local therm limit 0x64 (100 o c) 0x6c read/write remote 2 therm limit 0x64 (100 o c) if any temperature measured exceeds its therm limit, all pwm outputs will drive their fans at 100% duty cycle. this is a failsa fe mechanism incorporated to cool the system in the event of a critical overtemperature. it also ensures some level of cooling in the event that software or hardware locks up. if set to 0x80, this feature is disabled. the pwm output will remain at 100% until th e temperature drops below therm limit ? table xxiii. temperature hysteresis registers register address r/w description power-on default 0x6d read/write remote 1, local temp hysteresis 0x44 0x6e read/write remote 2 temp hysteresis 0x40 each 4-bit value controls the amount of temperature hysteresis applied to a particular temperature channel. once the temperatur e for that channel falls below its t min value, the fan will remain running at pwm min duty cycle until the temperature = t min ?hysteresis. up to 15 o c of hysteresis may be assigned to any temperature channel. setting the hysteresis value lower than 4 o c will cause the fan to switch on and off regularly when the temperature is close to t min . these registers become read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any further attempts to write to these regis- ters will have no effect.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e51e table xxiv. xor tree test enable register address r/w description power-on default 0x6f read/write xor tree test enable register 0x00 <0> xen if the xen bit is set to 1, the device enters the xor tree test mode. clearing the bit removes the device from the xor tree test mode. <7:1> reserved unused. do not write to these bits. this register becomes read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any further attempts to write to this r egister will have no effect. table xxv. remote 1 temperature offset register address r/w description power-on default 0x70 read/write remote 1 temperature offset 0x00 <7:0> read/write allows a two? complement offset value to be automatically added to or subtracted from the remote 1 temperature reading. this is to compensate for any inherent system offsets such as pcb trace resistance. lsb value = 0.25 o c. this register becomes read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any further attempts to write to this r egister will have no effect. table xxvi. local temperature offset register address r/w description power-on default 0x71 read/write local temperature offset 0x00 <7:0> read/write allows a two? complement offset value to be automatically added to or subtracted from the local temperature reading. lsb value = 0.25 o c. this register becomes read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any further attempts to write to this r egister will have no effect. table xxvii. remote 2 temperature offset register address r/w description power-on default 0x72 read/write remote 2 temperature offset 0x00 <7:0> read/write allows a two? complement offset value to be automatically added to or subtracted from the remote 2 temperature reading. this is to compensate for any inherent system off- sets such as pcb trace resistance. lsb value = 0.25 o c. this register becomes read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any further attempts to write to this r egister will have no effect.
rev. 0 e52e ADM1027 table xxviii. register 73h ?configuration register 2 (power-on default = 00h) bit name r/w description 0 ain1 read/write ain1 = 0, speed of 3-wire fans measured using the tach output from the fan. ain1 = 1, pin 11 is reconfigured to measure the speed of 2-wire fans using an external sensing resistor and coupling capacitor. 1 ain2 read/write ain2 = 0, speed of 3-wire fans measured using the tach output from the fan. ain2 = 1, pin 12 is reconfigured to measure the speed of 2-wire fans using an external sensing resistor and coupling capacitor. 2 ain3 read/write ain3 = 0, speed of 3-wire fans measured using the tach output from the fan. ain3 = 1, pin 9 is reconfigured to measure the speed of 2-wire fans using an external sensing resistor and coupling capacitor. 3 ain4 read/write ain4 = 0, speed of 3-wire fans measured using the tach output from the fan. ain4 = 1, pin 14 is reconfigured to measure the speed of 2-wire fans using an external sensing resistor and coupling capacitor. 4 avg read/write avg = 1, averaging on the temperature and voltage measurements is turned off. this allows measurements on each channel to be made much faster. 5 attn read/write attn = 1, the ADM1027 removes the attenuators from the 2.5 v, v ccp , 5 v, and 12 v inputs. the inputs can be used for other functions such as connecting up external sensors. 6 conv read/write conv = 1, the ADM1027 is put into a single channel adc conversion mode. in this mode, the ADM1027 can be made to read continuously from one input only, e.g., remote 1 temperature. it is also possible to start adc conversions using an external clock on pin 11 by setting bit 2 of test register 2 (reg. 0x7f). this mode could be useful if, for example, you wanted to characterize/profile cpu temperature quickly. the appropriate adc channel is selected by writing to bits <7:5> of tach1 min high byte register (0x55). bits <7:5> reg 0x55 channel selected 000 2.5 v 001 v ccp 010 v cc (3.3 v) 011 5 v 100 12 v 101 remote 1 temp 110 local temp 111 remote 2 temp 7r eserved read/write reserved for future use this register becomes read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any further attempts to write to this r egister will have no effect.
rev. 0 ADM1027 e53e table xxix. register 74h ?interrupt mask register 1 (power on default <7:0> = 00h) bit name r/w description 0 2.5 v read/write a one masks smbalert rw a smbalert rw a smbalert rw a smbalert rt rw a smbalert r t l t rw a smbalert l t rt rw a smbalert r t l rw t m r m r table xxx. register 75h ?interrupt mask register 2 (power on default <7:0> = 00h) bit name r/w description 0 12 v read/write a one masks smbalert t r a smbalert therm an rw a smbalert an rw a smbalert an rw a smbalert an rw a smbalert d rw a smbalert r d rw a smbalert r table xxxi. register 76h ?extended resolution register 1 bit name r/w description <1:0> 2.5 v read only 2.5 v lsbs. holds the 2 lsbs of the 10-bit 2.5 v measurement. <3:2> v ccp read only v ccp lsbs. holds the 2 lsbs of the 10-bit v ccp measurement. <5:4> v cc read only v cc lsbs. holds the 2 lsbs of the 10-bit v cc measurement. <7:6> 5 v read only 5 v lsbs. holds the 2 lsbs of the 10-bit 5 v measurement. if this register is read, this register and the registers holding the msb of each reading are frozen until read. table xxxii. register 77h ?extended resolution register 2 bit name r/w description <1:0> 12 v read only 12 v lsbs. holds the 2 lsbs of the 10-bit 12 v measurement. <3:2> tdm1 read only remote 1 temperature lsbs. holds the 2 lsbs of the 10-bit remote 1 temperature measurement. <5:4> ltmp read only local temperature lsbs. holds the 2 lsbs of the 10-bit local temperature measurement. <7:6> tdm2 read only remote 2 temperature lsbs. holds the 2 lsbs of the 10-bit remote 2 temperature measurement. if this register is read, this register and the registers holding the msb of each reading are frozen until read.
rev. 0 e54e ADM1027 table xxxiii. register 78h ?configuration register 3 (power-on default = 00h) bit name r/w description <0> alert read/write alert = 1, pin 10 (pwm2/ smbalert smbalert d wm r rw r r rw r ast rw ast tah t tah table xxxiv. register 7bh ?fan pulses per revolution register (power on default = 55h) bit name r/w description <1:0> fan1 read/write sets number of pulses to be counted when measuring fan1 speed. can be used to determine fan? pulses per revolution number for unknown fan type. pulses counted 00 = 1 01 = 2 (default) 10 = 3 11 = 4 <3:2> fan2 read/write sets number of pulses to be counted when measuring fan2 speed. can be used to determine fan? pulses per revolution number for unknown fan type. pulses counted 00 = 1 01 = 2 (default) 10 = 3 11 = 4 <5:4> fan3 read/write sets number of pulses to be counted when measuring fan3 speed. can be used to determine fan? pulses per revolution for unknown fan type. pulses counted 00 = 1 01 = 2 (default) 10 = 3 11 = 4 <7:6> fan4 read/write sets number of pulses to be counted when measuring fan4 speed. can be used to determine fan? pulses per revolution for unknown fan type. pulses counted 00 = 1 01 = 2 (default) 10 = 3 11 = 4
rev. 0 ADM1027 e55e table xxxv. register 7eh ?manufacturer? test register 1 (power on default = 00h) bit name read/write description <7:0> reserved read only manufacturer? test register. these bits are reserved for manufacturer's test purposes and should not be written to under normal operation. this register becomes read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any further attempts to write to this r egister will have no effect. table xxxvi. register 7fh - manufacturer? test register 2 (power on default = 00h) bit name read/write description <7:0> reserved read only manufacturer? test register. these bits are reserved for manufacturer? test purposes and should not be written to under normal operation. this register becomes read only when the configuration register 1 lock bit is set to 1. any further attempts to write to this r egister will have no effect.
rev. 0 c02928e0e8/02(0) printed in u.s.a. e56e ADM1027 outline dimensions 24-lead soic with/0.025 lead pitch [qsop] (rq-24) dimensions shown in millimeters and (inches) 24 13 12 1 8.74 (0.3341) 8.56 (0.3370) 6.20 (0.2441) 5.79 (0.2280) pin 1 3.99 (0.1571) 3.81 (0.1500) seating plane 0.25 (0.0098) 0.10 (0.0039) 0.30 (0.0118) 0.20 (0.0079) 0.64 (0.0252) bsc 1.50 (0.0591) max 1.75 (0.0689) 1.35 (0.0531) 0.20 (0.0079) 0.18 (0.0071) 1.27 (0.0500) 0.41 (0.0161) 8 0 controlling dimensions are in millimeters; inch dimensions (in parentheses) are rounded-off millimeter equivalents for reference only and are not appropriate for use in design

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